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基于FPGA的数字通信实现多路数据时分复用和解复用系统系统
本文档介绍了一种基于FPGA的数字通信多路时分复用和解复用系统，使用硬件描述语言很好的实现了系统功能。第2页共63页AbstractThe system is designed for data multiplexed and de-multiplexed. It is based on TDMThe systern includes the transmitter and the receiver. They are implemented mainly by FPGaThere are three inputs in the transmission system: data from A/converter, DIPI and DIP2The three channels are out serially and time-divisional under the FPgas control. The FPGain the transmitter is divided into four modules which are frequency divider, Barker generator,data multiplexer and voltage display. voltage display is used for processing the data convertedy ADC and sending it to the LED. The serial data are serial shifted into the FPGa in thereceiver. Bit-synchronize and frame-synchronize are both picked up, and then de-multiplexThe FPGA in the receiver is divided into three modules which are digital PLL, datade-multiplexer and voltage display. The transmitter will multiplex four ways of 8-bit paralleldata. The first way is adC data, the second and the third way is generated by dip-key. Theother is Barker code used for frame synchronizing. The receiver will maintain the bitsynchronizing, recognize one frame and de-multiplex three ways data. The essay will discussthe design progress, the programming idea and some problems. Works have to be done by thedesigner are: Specify all system components, Make system specification, Draw systemschematics, Write RTL code according the schematics, Synthesis and simulate the rtl codeDesign the PCBS, Validate the functions of the FPGA on-line.Keywords: DPLL; Frame-synchronize; TDM; Verilog HDl; Serial A/D convert;第3页共63页目录引1数字复接系统简介52数字复接方法及方式2.1数字复接的方法…中中·2.2数字复接的方式………3系统原理和各模块设计………………………63.1系统原理及框图…3.2发端系统设计…3.3收端系统设计…···中··中··中····中·,中………93.4FPGA的设计流程“····“:*·············=·······*·*··3.4.1设计输入···“··++··+··*+··+··+++*···++++·*·+·++34.2设计综合……………………123.4.3仿真验证123.4.4设计实现……123.4.5时序分析123.5发端FPGA设计………………………133.5.1分频模块…翻……143.5.2复接模块……………………………………153.5.3显示模块……………………163.5.4编译与仿伤真…………………183.6收端FPGA设计……………………………………………………193.6.1数字锁相模块…………···→····;··中·······中···········→··············203.6.2解复用模块…··++·*···中+“··“++………………………213.6.3显示模块………………………………………………223.6.4编译与仿真………………………………223.7数字锁相环原理及设计……………………………2338串行AD工作原理………………2539并行D/A的工作原理…263.10 Altera flex10K10介绍………………………………………………………………274系统调试…………………………………………………325 Quartus||软件及 Ver log语言简介…………325.10 artus I软件简介……………………………………………………325.2 Verilog语言简介……………………………………………………………34第4页共63页6结论····“4··+·→··*·*··“······+“·+····“······“··+·+“+·…“*·.·+··+“·+·+·*··…………35谢辞36参考文献·a···.········和··::··中.事…37附录…38docn豆丁www.oocin.com第5页共63页引言数字复接、分接技术发展到80年代已经趋于成熟,形成了完善的EI、T系列。它使得多路低速信号可以在髙速信道中传输,同时提髙信道的利用率。PLD/FPGA是电子设计领域中最具活力和发展前途的一项技术,它的影响丝毫不亚于70年代单片机的发明和使用。可以毫不夸张的讲,PID/FPGA能完成任何数字器件的功能,上至高性能CP,下至简单的74电路,都可以用PLD/FPGA来实现。PLD/FPGA如同一张白纸或是一堆积木,工程师可以通过传统的原理图输入法,或是硬件描述语言自由的设计一个数字系统。通过软件仿真,我们可以事先验证设计的正确性。在PCB完成以后,还可以利用PLD/FPGA的在线修改能力,随时修改设计而不必改动硬件电路。使用PLD/FGA来开发数字电路,可以大大缩短设计时间,减少PCB面积,提高系统的可靠性。,PLD/FGA的这些优点使得PLD/FPGA技术在90年代以后得到飞速的发展,同时也大大推动了EDA软件和硬件描述语言的进步。本设计主要利用了FPGA及 Verilog hdl语言来设计数字复、接分接系统。数字复接系统简介在数字通信网中,为了扩大传输容量和提高传输效率常常需要把若干个低速数字信号合并成为一个高速数字信号,然后再通过高速信道传输,这就是所谓的数字复接技术。数字复接是一种已经非常成熟的技术,广泛地应用于无线通信、光通信和微波接力通信。图1-1数字复接系统方框饜图1-1所示,数字复接系统包括数字复接器( digital multiplexer)和数字分接时钟「定时同定时步复分日恢接复器( digital de- multiplexer)两部分。数字复接器是把两个或多个低速的支路数字信号按照时分复用方式合并成为一路高速的合路数字信号的设备;数字分接器是把合路数字信号分解为原来的支路数字信号的设备。数字复接器是由定时、调整和复接单元所组成;数字分接器是由同步、定时、分接和恢复单元所组成。定时单元给设备提供统一的基准时间信号,同步单元给分接器提供与复接器基准时间同步的时间信号,调整单元负责同步输入的各支路信号。恢复单元与调整单元相对,负贵把分接出来的各支路信号复原第6页共63页2数字复接方法及方式2.1数字复接的方法数字复接的方法主要有按位复接、按字复接和按帧复接三种(1)按位复接按位复接的方法是每次只复接每个支路的·位码,复接后,码序列中的第·位表示第一路中的第一位码;第二位表示第二路的第一位码;以此类推,第N位表示第N路的第一位码。这N位码形成第一时隙。同样,第二时隙是有每路的第二位码复接而成。这种复接方法的特点是设备简单、只需小容量存储,易于实现(2)按字复接按字复接就是每次复接支路的一个字或字节。复接后的码顺序是每个封隙为一路n位码。它的特点是利于多路合成和处理,但要求有较大的存储容量,使得电路较为复杂(3)按帧复接这种方法是每次复接一个之路的一帧数码,它的特点是复接时不破坏原来的帧结构,有利于交换,但要求有更大的存储容量。22数字复接的方式按照复接时各低速信号的情况,复接方式可分为同步复接、异步复接与准同步复接。(1)同步复接同步复接被复接的各个支路信号在时间上是完全同步的。在实际应用中,由于各个支路信号到达的时间不一样,造成支路间的码位相位不同,使得信息不能被正确复接。因此需要对支路进行相位调整。在复接时,要插入帧同步码及其它的业务码。(2)异步复接将没有统一标称频率的不同支路数字信号进行复接的方式成为异步复接。在数字通信中广泛采用这种复接方式。(3)准同步复接准同步复接是指参与复接的各个低速信号使用各自的时钟,但各支路的时钟需要在定的容差范围内。准同步复接实际上是在同步复接的基础上增加了码速调整功能3系统原理和各模块设计3.1系统原理及框图首先介绍系统的工作过程。此数字通信系统分为发端和收端两部分。在发端,FPGA对A①D变换数据、DIP1数据和DIP2数据插入帧同步码,形成一帧,对此帧按位时分复用并串行发送出去。同时,A/D输入端的模拟电压值将通过FPGA的处理,显示在七段数码管上。在收端,FPGA首先从串行码中提取位时钟,然后识别帧同步。当识别出帧同步后,FPGA解复用三路并行码,分别将这三路并行码送到后面的D/A变换器、LED1和LED2同时,第一路并行码通过FGA的处理,显示到七段数码管上。传输帧结构如图3-1所示:第7页共63页帧同步第一路第二路|第三路图3-1传输帧结构总系统框图如图3-2所示:七段数码管七段数码管A/DD/A信道DI P1立FPGA收端FPGALED 1DIP2LED2图3-2总系统框图3.2发端系统设计图3-3是发端系统方框图七数码簣豆丁A/D信道DP1愛端FPGADIP2图3-3发端系统方框图如图3-3所示,发端有三路信号:A/D变换信号、拨码开关1和拨码开关2产生的8位信码。AD变换的信码经过FPGA处理显示到七段译码管上,它代表变换前模拟信号的电压值。由于三路信号都是静态信号,因此输入不用进行码速变挨和码速调轄。输出信号的码速率为256Kbps。发端电路在做PCB时需要单层布线,因此将发端系统板倣成三块小板,分为三个图,分别是发端主图、AD变换图和LED显示图。发端主图如34所示,以发端FPGA为核心,其它功能块逐一实现。为了FGA运行的稳定,要在其周围加入6个滤波电容,电容值为0.1uF。拨码开关与排阻共同构成八位信码,分别接到FPGA的8个I/0端口。复位电路是系统正常运行的必要部分,它由按键开关,电解电容和电阻构成。主图板与AD变换板、LED显示板之间用插针和电线连接。这些插针和电线将为A/D变换板和LED显示第8页共63页板提供电源和通信路径。此外,FPGA还需要配置电路。配置电路在开杌时将配置文件载入到FPGA中,FPGA才可以工作。配置电路由上拉电阻和插座组成,其中,五个端口接到FGA五个配置引脚,他们是:DATA0、 sTATuS、 nCONFIG、 CONF DONE与DCLK。3图AA399999温899998旨若起Ed kDYnizisr含已四=图3-4发端主图原理图A/D变换图如图35所示,要说明的是,这里没有采用并行A/D,而是采用了串行A/D,这样可以节省FPGA的管脚。我使用的ADC型号是TC549。TLC549转换输入端模拟量为数字量,为FPGA提供串行数据。这块板的电源由主图板提供,电源端接到主图板的电源端。TLC549需要一片0.1uF的陶瓷电容为芯片的电源端滤波。在做PCB时,这片电容应靠近芯片的VCC与GND。TLC549的模拟输入量有电位器分压和外部输入,通过单刀双掷开关选择。外部输入的模拟量可以是信号源输出,音频输入等。AA「区YcAy图3-5AD变换图第9页共63页LED显示图如图3-6所示,我用五位LED显示模拟电压值。它可以提供0.0001的显示精度。这五位LED由一位独立LED和一个四LED组组成。这五个LED采用扫描方式显示。扫描显示是LED显示的常用方法。通过五个PNP管控制五个LED分时发光,时隙为32ms。在此时隙下,人眼不会察觉到LED分别点亮,而是同时在亮。此法不仅节省七段译码驱动芯片和FPGA的管脚,而且节约电能。小数点的位置固定不变:因此只需将独立LED的小数点设计为常亮。LED数码管采用共阳极,公共端接PP发射极,PNP集电极接电源,PNP的导通由FPGA控制。七段译码芯片采用DM74LS47,它是一片驱动共阳极LED数码管的芯片。同样,在这片芯片的VCC与GND之间加入0.1uF陶瓷滤波电容和essOyNC 5v In图3-6LED显示图3.3收端系统设计收端系统框图如图3-7所示七段数码管D/A信道收端FPGAED1LED2图3-7收端系统框图
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基于ITK、VTK与MFC读取DICOM图像
基于ITK,VTK以及MFC读取DICOM图像的文献@ErtoRwww.crter.org吕哧琪,等于1K、K和MC的DCOM图像读写及显示文章是在视类的构造函数及其析构函数中实现它们的初始化及善后工作的。其次,改写视图类的虚函数Ocrea(),以下为关键代码ren Win->AddRenderer(ren);renWin->Setwindowld(m hWnd)iren->SetRenderWindow(ren Win)最后,在视图类的 OnDraw函数中添加绘制代码Render()当然窗口的尺寸也可以在这里进行调整。Figure 5 Unintegrated display effect此,可以在MFc应用稈序视图区域中实现与VTK图5未集成显示效果渲染对象的父互和鼠标响应操作,并可以利用MFC界面控件来进行参数控制,本文程序中鼠标按下会弹出一个对于VTK与MFC的集成已有相关文献介绍,分为快显示图像上象素坐标及象素值的消息框(见图7,8)借以速集成和深度集成两种集成方式。图6是作者将图5对应说明鼠标响应交互操作的实现,至此完成了TK与MFC序做了怏速集成后 DICOMA像的显示。集成过程只需的深度集成。读者也可以参考ⅤTK工具包 Examples设置 vtk RenderWindow类中的 SetParent函数为当前 GUlIn32MFC下的例程,实现更丰富的集成。该视图或对话框句柄即可,关键代码如下所示和集环覓下的面显示将结合后续DCOM文件显示tkRenderwindow部分给出。FrenWin=vtkRenderWindow: NewovtkRenderWindowlnteractoriren=vtkRenderWindowInteractor Newothis->renWin->SetParentld(this->m hWnd);this->iren->SetRenderWindow(this->renIn);Figure 7 Display effect of vik depth integration图7深度集成环境下VTK显示效果Figure 6 Display effect of fast integration图6快速集成显示效果快速集成屏蔽」MFC的鼠标响应和消息传递,不便于后续编程实现更复杂的功能。VTK与MFC集成的请为:0007000根本目的是实现更实用、更灵活的交互界面,以弥补VTK自身在该方面的缺憾,那么就要求不仅要将TK的渲染窗口嵌入于MFC应用程序视图区域,而且还要Figure 8 Display effect after flipping图8翻转后VTK显小效果使其融为一体,即拥有一个统一的具有友好交互能力的界面。在此,重点介绍下作者尝试实现VTK与MFC深度集成的另一种方法,具体步骤如下:首先,在视类中增2D|cOM图像的读写与显示加可视化管道中会用到的类,用这些类实例化对象,文章用到的对象有:渲染对象ren)、渲梨窗口( renin)、2.1DCOM图像的读写文章中的数据对象是一维交互对象(ren)、演员( BrainActor)、映射( Brain Map)等, DICOM图像。读与DCOM文件的功能使用∏TK提供的范o1994-2011ChinaAcadcmicJournalElcctronicPublishingHousc.Allrightsroscrved.http://www.cnki.nctcn.zglckf.com2418P.O. Box 1200, Shenyang 110004吕烧琪,等干K、VTK和MFC的DCOM图像读写及显示CRTOR Ww. cRTER org函功能来实现,在∏K中,DCOM的范函性由GDCM厍写DcOM文件是一件非常精密的操作,因为所要处理的提供。这个开放的源码厍由INSA_Lyon的 creats团队发是大量重要的有关患者详细而精确的数据,并且涉及到展的。实验使用: GDCMImagelO类来建立与GDCM库患者的隐私问题。所以在写的过程中,一定要核实出你的连接,实现读取 DICOM图像的功能。|TK数据处理管的代码所生成的头文件信息不会给患者的治疗和诊断道中的三种处理对象具休为:Sσurce采用带来风险,要确休沿着数据处珄管道正桷地传递DC○Mik: itklmage SeriesReader类; Filter来用了ik∷文件的细节信息,从而才能保证正确地将原D|COM文件Curvature FlowImage Filter; Mapper采用了itk:的这些信息写入新的DcOM序列图像文件。以下便是实itkImageFileWriter类。现该部分内容的主要代码:单张二维DCOM图像的读写:本部分实现单张二维首先定义图像类型,并明确所选象素类型和维度,p|c○M图象以 DICOM格式读入与以DCOM格式写入从而定义序列图像读取类型。的工作。首先声明象素类型和图像的维数,以它们作为typedef signed short PixelType模板参数来实例化读入图像的类型,用该图像类型作为const unsigned int Dimension=3;模板参数再实例化读取器 Reader的类型并创建一个typedef itk: Image< PixelType, DimensionReader,将读入图像的文件路径和文件名作为参数传给 mage Type;Reader,并为 Reader关联 GDCMImagelO对象,调用typedef itk: Image SeriesReader< Image TypeUpdate(函数更新读取过程,DcOM图像就已读入内存 ReaderType中。用 Reader的 Getoutput()方法可以获得图像数据的接下来声明并实例化实际读写DCOM图像的指针。月前的焦点是如何再一次将图像在新文件中保存k: GD CMImagelC对象和为所有切片生成文件名并排成DCOM格式。具体的,先实例化一个 Image File Writer序的tk: GDCMSeries fileNames对象,并创建相应智能类型,并创建指针 Writer,将写入的图像的文件路径和指针 gdcmIO和 names Generator。文件名作为参数传给 Writer,并为其关联ImageloType: PointerGDCM| magelo对象,这个对象是知道DCOM格式的内 gdcmIo= magelOType:New()部结构的,最后用 Update()来触发写入程序。文章在读Names Generator Type: Pointer写过稈中对图像进行了保留边缘的平滑去噪处珥,以下 names Generator= Names GeneratorType:|New()为主要代码names Generator->SetInputDirectory(argvImageloType: Pointer生成读入文件的文件名gdcmImagelo=ImageloType: NeW(const ReaderType: FileNames Containerreader->Setlmagelo(gdcmImagelO)filenames=namesGenerator->GetInput FileNames():reader> SetFileName(argv):∥参数为文件路径实例化 Reader Type对象并创建智能指针 reader,读及文件名取DcOM格式序列图像。writer->Setlmagelo(gdcmImagelO)reader->Setlmagelo(gdcmlO)rwriter->SetFileName(argv2);∥将平滑后图像以reader->SetFileNames(filenames )D|COM格式写入到参数所指定的文件中。最后用 reader的 Update()触发读取程序,最好放在try/catch问询块中,在此不再赘述。CurvatureFlowImageFilterType: Pointer至此,可以开始写数据了。首先把确定存在的输出smoother= rvatureFlowlmageFilterType:|New();∥目录传给 outputDirectory指针。实例化一个平滑滤波器的对象const char outputDirectory=argv;smoother-> SetNumberoflterations(5):W平滑滤波然后,实例化 SeriesWritertype对象并创建智能指器的迭代次数设为5针 series writer,将 reader的输出写为D|COM格式序列smoother-> SetTime Step(0.125);∥平滑滤波器的像时间步长设为0125series Writer->SetInput(reader->Getoutput()smoother->SetInput(reader->Getoutputo)series Writer->Setlmagelo(gdcmIO)writer->Setlnput(smoother->GetOutputO)现在可以设置 G DCMSeriesFileNames在至此完成DCOM单张图像的读写。outputDirectory下产生新的文件名,然后将最新生成的序列二维DCOM图像的读写:这部分}要实现以文件文件传递给 seriesWriter集的方式读取一个DCOM序列图像,并在保持头文件信namesGenerator->SetoutputDirectoryoutputDire息不变的情况下保存为另一个DCOM序列图像的工作。 ctory);/S SN 1673-8225 CN 21-1539/R CODEN: ZLKHAH2419C1994-2011ChinaAcadcmicJOurnalElcctronicPublishingHousc.Allrightsrcscrved.http://www.cnki.nct@RterwWw.crtEr. org吕晓琪,等基于1K、VK和MFC的DCOM图像读写及显示seriesWriter->SetFileNames(names Generator->GetOutputFileNames();3结论最后一步也是最关键的一步,用 reader读取MetaDataDictionary并传递给 seriesWriter。之所以关键TK是算法设计者的一个有力助手,是医学图像处是因为 Meta Data Dictionary包含」所有输入的DcoM理工作者的案例研究算法仓厍,遺憾的是不提供Ul文件的头文件。VTK软件开发包强大的图形处理和可视化功能,却缺乏seriesWriter> SetMetaData Dictionary Array( reade实用、灵活的交互界面,而MFC具有强大的U开发能力。r->GetMetaData DictionaryArray ()结合三者的特点,作者通过对DCOM医学图像的读取与末了调用 seriesWriter的 Update)触发写程序,放在显小,将TK、VTK和MFC有机的结合起来,扬长避短,try/catch问洵块中,在此不再赘述。为三者集成环境下的软件开发做了一个初步的尝试,而22DCOM图像的显示本部分主要介绍在前述方法对于在此基础之上一者更强大功能的实现(诸如医学图实现的∨TK、ITK和MFC集成环境卜DCoM图像的显示像的分割与准、三维可视化、虚拟手术导航等)有待方法。在此,将利用丨TK读取的DC○M文件用VTK显示深入探讨与研究。在MFC单文档视图区,因为旨在说明方法所以未给出复杂的交互界面。4参考文献VTK薮据处理管道中采用了vkD|cOM|mageReader:类、 teNderer类、 vtkRenderwindow类、[1 Kitware Inc. NLM Insight Segmentation and registration ToolkitEB/OL」2005.http:/www.itκOrgtkRenderwindowInteractor类、 traCtor2D类、[21 Ackerman MJ. the visible human project. Proceedings of thelEEE,1998;863):501-504.v+ < Mapper类,并实例化各个类的对象并创建相21/mD(Q小用m时应智能指针。图7为显示效果,相应关键代码如下计算机技术发,200816(4=515 NEMA. The DICOM standard. Technical report, NEMA,Brain Map->SetInput(vtkreader->Getoutput()http://medial.nemaorg,2004[61http:/www.itk.org/courseWare/training/gettIngstartedl-webpageBrainActor->SetMapper (BrainMap);ren->AddActor(BrainActor)http:ww.kitwvare.comiproducts/books/vtkquide.htmlBenoit Regrain EricBoix, Mathieu and Jean Pierre roux. the「TK所读取的图像一经VTK显示后图像发牛了翻GDCM Library. CNRS, INSERM, INSALyon, UCBLyonhttp://www-creatis.insa-lyon.fr/publIc/gdcm转,并且是上下翻转而左右并不发生翻转,原因是ITK的坐标系统和VTK的坐标系统Y轴是相反的,所以为了来自本文课题的更多信息能正确显示图像还需要将Y轴进行翻转,可见这种翻转墓金资助:国家自然科学基金资助项目(60761002)可以发生在两种情形,一种是在K读入图像的时候翻作耆贡:笫一作者进行实验设计及评估,实验实施转即改变文件的读取方式,该种方式可参考∏TK的为笫二作者,资料收集为笫三作者,第二作者成文,第FliplmageFilter类,该类可以实现翻转任何坐标轴中的作者审校并对文章负责图像,对于本文屮情形可以使用一个[0,们翻转排列,列益冲突:课题未涉及任何厂家及相关雇主或其灺经表示X轴保持不变时对Y轴进行翻转;另一种是在K图济组织直接或间接的经济或利益的赞助像薮据凵经转换为ⅥTK图像数据后将新的TK图像数本文创新性:于201101以文章关键词为检索关键词据Y轴鄱转,这也正是本文实现的图像翻转方法。相应在CNK丨欻捃库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、万方学位论关键代码:文全文数据库, ELSEVIER数据库等多个数据库中检索未flipY->SetFilteredAxis(1)见具有相同创新点文章flipY->SetInputConnection(vtkreader->Getoutput方法创新:为医学图像读写及显示后一系列的玉学Eort()像处理工作搭建了灵活实用的实验平台,进而得到相关基BrainMap->SetInput(flipY->GetOutput():金资助。以上便是集成环境下的D|COM图像显小。o1994-2011ChinaAcadcmicJournalElcctronicPublishingHousc.Allrightsroscrved.http://www.cnki.nctCn.zg/ckf.com2420P.O. Box 1200, Shenyang 110004
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ISO16750-3-2012
ISO16750-3-2012Road vehicles — Environmentalconditions and testing for electricaland electronic equipment —Part 3:Mechanical loadsContents PageForeword.............................................................................................................................................Iso16750-3:2012[EContentsPageForewordScope12Normative references1Terms and definitions4Tests and requirements4.1ibration4.2 Mechanical shock274.3 Free fall…294.4 Surface strength/ scratch and abrasion resistance294.5 Gravel bombardmentCode letters for mechanical loads29Documentation…,…………111111130Annex A (informative) Guideline for the development of test profiles for vibration tests.32Annex B (informative) Recommended mechanical requirements for equipment depending on themounting location44Bibliography46C ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EForewordISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standardsbodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried outthrough iso technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationaorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the workIso collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters ofelectrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/IEC Directives, Part 2The main task of technical committees is to prepare lnternational standards. draft InternationalStandards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodiescasting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsIso 16750-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicle, Subcommittee SC 3,Electrical and electronical equipment.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (Iso 16750-3: 2007), which has beentechnically revisedISo 16750 consists of the following parts, under the general title road vehicles-Environmental conditionsand testing for electrical and electronic equipment:Part 1: GeneralPart 2: electrical loadsPart 3: Mechanical loadsPart 4: Climatic loadsPart 5: chemical loadso ISO 2012-All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARDIso16750-3:2012(E)Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical and electronic equipmentPart 3Mechanical loads1 ScopeThis part of IS0 16750 applies to electric and electronic systems/components for road vehicles. Itdescribes the potential environmental stresses and specifies tests and requirements recommended forthe specific mounting location on/in the vehicleThis part of iso 16750 describes mechanical loads2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments applies.Iso16750-1, Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical andelectronicequipment-Part 1: GeneralIEC 60068-2, 6, Environmental testing- Part 2-6: Testing, Test Fc: Vibration SinusoidalIEC60068-2, 14, Basicenvironmental testing procedures- Part 2-14: Tests-Test Nb: Change oftemperatureTEC 60068-2, 64, Environmental testing Part 2-64: Test methods -Test Fh -Vibration, broad-bandrandom(digital control)and guidanceIEC 60068-2, 80, Environmental testing- Part 2-80: Tests- Test Fi: Vibration - Mixed mode testingIEC 60068-2-31, Environmental testing procedures- Part 2: Tests; Test Ec: Free fall, Clause 5.23 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Iso 16750-1 app4 Tests and requirements4.1 Vibration41.1 GeneralThe vibration test metho ds specified consider various levels of vibration severities applicable to on-board electrical and electronic equipment. It is recommended that the vehicle manufacturer andsupplier choose the test method, the environmental temperature and vibration parameters dependingon the specific mounting locationFollowing the expressions in MIL-STD please noticeC ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EWhen applied properly, the environmental management and engineering processes described in this partof Iso 16750 can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness andoverall durability. However, it is important to recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratorytesting that make itimperative to use proper caution and engineering judgement when extrapolating theselaboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, realworld environmental stresses (singularly orin combination cannot be duplicated practically or reliably intestlaboratories. Therefore, users of this part of Iso 16750 should not assume that a system or componentthat passes laboratory tests of this part of Iso 16750 would also pass field/ fleet verification trialsThe specified values are the best estimation one can get up to the moment when results frommeasurements in the car are received - but they do not replace a car measurement!The specified values apply to direct mounting in defined mounting locations. Using a bracket formounting can resultin higher or lower loads. If the device under test ( DUT)is used in the vehicle with abracket then all vibration and mechanical shock test shall be done with this bracketCarry out the vibration with the dut suitably mounted on a vibration table. The mounting method (sused shall be noted in the test report. Carry out the frequency variation by logarithmic sweeping of 0,5octave/minute for sinusoidal tests and the sinusoidal part of sine on random tests. The scope of therecommended vibration tests is to avoid malfunctions and breakage mainly due to fatigue in the fieldTesting for wear has special requirements and is not covered in this part of ISo 16750Loads outside of the designated test frequency ranges are to be considered separatelNOTE Deviations from the load on the DUT can result, should vibration testing be carried out according tothis part of Iso 16750 on a heavy and bulky dut, as mounting rigidity and dynamic reaction on the vibrator tableexcitation are different compared to the situation in the vehicle. This deviation can be minimized by applying theaverage control method(see Annex A)Application of the weighted average control method according to IEC 60068-2, 64 is to be agreed uponSubject the dut during the vibration test to the temperature cycle according to iEC 60068-2, 14, withelectric operation according to diagram 1. Alternatively, a test at constant temperature may be agreed onOperate the dutelectrically as indicatedin Figure l at Tmin(Short functional testafterthe dUT completelyreached Tmin). This functional test shall be as short as possible- only long enough to check the properperformance of the dUt. This minimizes self-heating of the dUT. Additional electrical operation of theDUT between 210 min and 410 min of the cycle (see Figure 1)Additional drying of test chamber air is not permittedIn the vehicle, vibration stress can occur together with extremely low or high temperatures; for thisreason, this interaction between mechanical and temperature stress is simulated in the test, too. afailure mechanism is, for example, a plastic part of a system/component, which mellows due to the hightemperature and cannot withstand the acceleration under this condition2o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[EYmax20aburditt0100200300400500600yY temperature[°C]x time [ minIa Operating mode 3.2 according to ISo 16750-1.b Operating mode 2. 1 according to ISo 16750-1One cycleFigure 1-Temperature profile for the vibration testTable 1- Temperature versus time for the vibration testTimeTemperaturemin°C0206040150-4021020300max41048020See Is016750-44.1.2 Tests4.1.2.1 Test I- Passenger car, engine4.1.2.1.1 PurposeThis test checks the dUt for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a piston engine can be split up into two kinds: Sinusoidal vibration which results from theunbalanced mass forces in the cylinders and random noise due to all other vibration-schemes of an engine,C ISO 2012-All rights reserved3Iso16750-3:2012Ee.g. closing of valves. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-roadconditions is taken into account. The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueNOTE 1 Road profile usually has negligible impact on engine-mounted components. Shock inputs are effectivelysolated by suspension, and engine-mounting systemsThe test profiles specified in the following clauses apply to loads generated by(four strokereciprocating enginesNotE 2 If the dut is to be tested for a specific resonance effect, then a resonance dwell test according to 8.3.2of IEC 60068-2, 6: 2007 can also be applied4.12.1.2Test4.1.2.1.2.1 GeneralIt is required to perform this test as a mixed mode vibration test according to IEC 60068-2, 80NOTE The test duration is based on A 4. The temperature in the chamher is above room temperature (rt)atthe end of the test (2 3/4 temperature cycles4.1.2.1.2.2 Sinusoidal vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 6, but using a sweep rate of s 0,5 octave/minute. Use a testduration of 22 h for each plane of the dUTUse curve l in Table 2/ Figure 2 for DUT intended for mounting on engines with 5 cylinders or fewerUse curve 2 in Table 2/Figure 2 for dUT test intended for mounting on engines with 6 cylinders or moreBoth curves may be combined to cover all engine types in one test2502001501005050100150200250300350400450500ⅩKeyamplitude of acceleration [m/s2IXfrequency [Hzcurve1(≤5 cylinders)curve 2(5 cylindersFigure 2- Vibration severity curves4o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[ETable 2- values for max acceleration versus frequencyCurve 1(see Figure 2FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHz100100200200240200270100440100Curve 2(see Figure 2)FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHm/s2100100150150440150CombinationFrequencyAmplitude of accelerationH1001001501502002002402002551504401504,1.21.2.3 Random vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 64. Use a test duration of 22 h for each plane of the DUTThe r.m.s. acceleration value shall be 181 m/s2The psd versus frequency are referred to in Figure 3 and Table 3NoTE The Power Spectral Density(PSD)values (random vibration] are reduced in the frequency range of thesinusoidal vibration testC ISO 2012-All rights reserved5Iso16750-3:2012EY100100,110100100010000KeyY PSD [(m/s2)2/HzX frequency [Hz]Figure 3- PSD of acceleration versus frequencyTable 3- Values for frequency and PsDFrequencyPSDH:(m/s2)2/Hz1010100103000,5150020200024.1.2.1.3 RequirementBreakage shall not occur.Functional status a see iso 16750-1) is required during operating mode 3.2 as defined in ISo 16750-1and functional status C during periods with other operating modes4.1.2.2 Test II-Passenger car, gearbox4.1.2.2.1 PurposeThis test checks the dut for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a gearbox can be split up into two kinds which result partly from sinusoidal vibrationfrom unbalanced mass forces of the engine(e. g dominating orders) in the frequency range from 100 Hzto 440 Hz and vibration from the friction of the gear wheels and other schemes, which are tested in therandom part. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-road conditionsis taken into account The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueChanging the gears can create additional mechanical shock and shall be considered separatey brationsThe test profiles specified in the following subclauses apply to loads generated by gearbox vibo ISO 2012-All rights reserved
- 2020-12-08下载
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如何将Excel中的数据导入MATLAB并在MATLAB中画出图像(详细)
如何将Excel中的数据导入MATLAB并在MATLAB中画出图像(自己总结的，有详细图解)
- 2020-12-06下载
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