MIKE21教程
不错的MIKE21中文教程，主要介绍MIKE21水动力模块方面的内容Www.Zlvo.Com42.7风场( Wind forcing)···;;;·36注意:42.8冰盖( ce coverage)4.2.9引潮势( Tidal potential)42.10降水-蒸发( Precipitation- Evaporation)….4142.1波浪辐射应力( Wave radiation)424212源( Sources4342.13水工结构物( Structures)454.2.14初始条件( nitial conditions)42.15边界条件( Boundary conditions)6142.16温度/盐度模块(Tcmpcraturc/Salinity Module)6742.17湍流模块( Turbulence module)42.8解耜( Decoupling)….…6742.9输出( Outputs)…特别说明:本手册部分内容来源于网络。Www.Zlvo.Com第一章模型介绍11简介MIKE21是一个专业的工程软件包,用于模拟河流、湖泊、河口、海湾、海岸及海洋的水流、波浪、泥沙及环境。MIKE21为工程应用、海岸管理及规划提供了完备、有效的设计环境。高级图形川户界面与高效的计算引擎的结合使得MIKE2I在世界范围内成为了一个水流模拟专业技术人员不可缺少的工具。丹麦水力研究所开发的平面二维数学模型MIKE21,曾经在丹麦、埃及、澳洲、泰国及中国香港、台湾等国家和地区得到成功应用,在丬面二维白由表面流数值模拟方面具有强大的功能。目前该软件在中国的应用发展很快,并在一些大型工程中广泛应用,如:长江口综合治理工程、杭州湾数值模拟、南水北调工程、重庆市城市排污评价、太湖富营养模型、香港新机场工程建设等。12MIKE21软件特点(1)用户界面友好,属于集成的 Windows图形界面;(2)具有强大的前、后攵理功能。在前处理方面,能根据地形瓷料进行计算网格的划分;在后处理方面具有强大的分析功能,如流场动态演示及动画制作、计算断面流量、实测与计算过程的验证、不同方案的比较等;(3)多种计算网格、模块及许可选择确俫用户根据自身需求来选择模型(4)可以进行热启动,当用户因各种原因需暂时中断MIKE21模型时,只要在上次计算时设置了热启动文件,再次开始计算时将热启动文件调入便可继续计算,极大地方便了计算时间有限制的用户;(5)能进行干、湿节点和干、湿单元的设置,能较方便地进行滩地水流的模拟:(6)具有功能强大的卡片设置功能,可以进行多种控制性结构的设置,如桥墩、堰、闸、涵洞等(7)可广泛地应用于二维水力学现象的研究,潮汐、水流,风暴潮,传热、盐流,水质,波浪紊动,湖震,防浪堤布置,船运,泥沙侵蚀、输移和沉积等,Www.Zlvo.Com被推荐为河流、湖泊、河∏和海岸水流的二维仿真模拟工具。1.3水动力模块原理131控制方程模型是基于三向不可压缩和 Reynolds值均布的 Navier-SLokes方程,并服从于 Boussinesq假定和静水压力的假定。二维非恒定浅水方程组为Ch Chu chvhSChu ahauvan h6x+=1-a=欧h-a(1-22pa ax po po ph)+-(h12)+hu,Schv chuy chvfuh-ghan h apay po aygh ap2 Po ay Po po po、ax11)+hS式中:t为时间:x,y为笛卡尔坐标系坐标;n为水位;d为静止水深;h=n+d为总水深;tn,v分别为x,y方向上的速度分量;f是哥氏力系数,f=2 osin p,(为地球白转角速度,为当地纬度;g为重力加速度;p为水的密度;Sx、SS分别为辐射应力分量;S为源项;(uy,ν)为源项水流流速。字母上带横杠的是平均值。例如,矿、ν为沿水深平均的流速,由以下公式定义hu= udz, hvdzWww.Zlvo.Com为水平粘滞应力项,包括粘性力、紊流应力和水平对流,这些量是根据沿水深平均的速度梯度用涡流粘性方程得出的:T=2A2A13,2数值解法)空间离散计算区域的空间离散是用有限体积法( Finite volume method),将该连续统体细分为不重叠的单元,单元可以是任意形状的多边形,但在这里只考虑三角形和四边形单元。在MKE软件2007版本只能是三角形网格。浅水方程组的通用形式一般可以写成上(U)=S(U)(1-6)式中:U为守恒型物理向量:F为通量向量;S为源项在笛卡尔坐标系中,二维浅水方程组可以写为OU O(F-F)O(FY-Fy)S(1-7)式中:上标/和分别为无粘性的和粘性的通量。各项分别如下:0hCu+g(FhuyOu Cha0Fk=lhAolhugh42Www.Zlvo.Comadh2thPu cy Pogn+fuhpe gn opythiPo oy Po对方程(46)第i个单元积分,并运用 Gauss原理重写可得出「a(Fa)-JA(1-9)式中:A1为单元g2的面积;I;为单元的边界;ds为沿着边界的积分变量这里使用单太求积法来计算面积的积分,该求积点位于单元的质点,同时使用中点求积法水计算边界积分,方程(49)可以写为∑FnAT=S(1-10)式中:U和S分别为第个单元的U和S的平均值,并位于单元中心;NS是单元的边界数;^厂,为第j个单元的长度阶解法和二阶解法都可以用于空间离散求解。对于二维的情况,近似的Riemann解法可以用来计算单元界面的对流流动。使用Roc方法时,界面左边的和右边的相关变量需要估计取值。二阶方法中,空间准確度可以通过使用线性梯度重构的技术来获得。而平均梯度可以用由 jawahar和 Kamath于2000年提出的方法来估计,为了避免数值振荡,模型使用了二阶TVD格式。(2)时间积分考虑方程的一般形式aU=G(U)1-11)对于二维模拟,浅水方程的求解有两种方法:一种是低阶方法,另一种是高阶方法。低价方法即低阶显式的Euer方法Un1=Un+△G(Un)(1-12)式中:为时间步长。高阶的方法为以如下形式的使用了二阶的 Runge kuttaWww.Zlvo.Com方法n12=Un+△G(U,)Un+1=Un+△G(Un+12)(1-13)(3)边界条件1)闭合边界沿着闭合边界(陆地边界),所有垂直于边界流动的变量必须为0。对于动量方程,可以得知沿着陆地边界是完全平稳的。2)开边界开边界条件可以指定为流量过程或者是水位过程3)千湿边界处理动边界问题(T湿边界)的方法是基于赵棣华(1994)和 Sleigh(1998)的处理方式。当深度较小时,该问题可以被重新表述,通过将动量通量设置为零以及只考恳质量通量来实现。只有当深度足够小时,计算不考虑该网格屮元。每个单元的水深会被监测,并且单元会被定义为干、半干湿和湿。单元面也会被监测,以确定淹没边界。满足下面两个条件单元边界被定义为淹没边界:首先单元的一边水深必须小于hn,且另一边水深必须大于h;第二,水深小于hn的单元的静水深加上另一单元表面高程水位必须大于零。满足下亩两个条件单元会被定义为干单元:首先单元中的水深必须小于干水深hn;另外,该单元的三个边界中没有一个是淹没边界。被定义为干的单元在计算中会被忽略不计。单儿破定义为半干:如果单元水深介于h和hm之间,或是当水深小于hy但有一个边界是淹没边界。此时动量通量被设定为0,只有质量通量会被计算。单元会被定义为湿:如果单元水深大于ha。此时动量通量和质量通量都会在计算中被考虑。如果模型中的区域是处在τ湿边交替区,为了避免模型计算岀现不稳定性,使用者可以启用 Flood and Dry选项。在这个情形下使用者必须设定一个干水深Www.Zlvo.Com( drying depth),淹没深度( flooding water depth)和湿水深( wetting depth)者必须满足hn
- 2020-12-09下载
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Robust Statistics - 2nd Edition
鲁棒统计，现代统计方法， Robust Statistics第二版，学习现代统计方法R○ BUST STAT|STCSSecond editionPeter j, huberProfessor of Statistics, retiredKlosters SwitzerlandEⅣ ezio m. RonchettiProfessor of StatisticsUniversity of Geneva, SwitzerlandWILEYA JOHn WileY SONS INC. PUBliCAtIONCopyrightc 2009 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, Inc, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except aspermitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the priorwritten permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee tothe Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978)750-8400, fax978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyrigom. requests to the publisher for permission shouldbe addressed to the permissions department John Wiley sons, Inc., 11 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp:/www.wileycom/go/permissionLimit of Liability /Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties ofmerchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by salesrepresentatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitablefor your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher norauthor shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limitedto special, incidental, consequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at(800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax(317)572-4002.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic format. For information about wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wileycomLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Huber Peter JRobust statistics, second edition/ Peter J. Huber, Elvezio ronchettip. cnIncludes bibliographical references and indeISBN978-0-470-12990-6( cloth)1. Robust statistics. I. Ronchetti. elvezio. II. TitleQA276.H7852009519.5-dc222008033283Printed in the United States of america10987654321To the memory o1John w. tukeyThis Page Intentionally Left BlankCONTENTSPrefacePreface to first editionGeneralities1 Why robust Procedures1. 2 What Should a robust procedure achieve?1.2.1 Robust. Nonparametric and Distribution-Free1.2.2 Adaptive procedures1.2.3 Resistant Procedures1.2. 4 Robustness versus Diagnostics1.2.5 Breakdown point1.3 Qualitative Robustness567888911. 4 Quantitative Robustness1.5 Infinitesimal Aspects141.6 Optimal Robustness171.7 Performance Comparisons18CONTENTS1.8 Computation of robust estimates181.9 Limitations to Robustness Theory202 The Weak Topology and its Metrization23eneral remarks232.2 The Weak Topology232.3 Levy and prohorov metrics272.4 The bounded Lipschitz metric322.5 Frechet and Gateaux derivatives366 Hampels Theorem413 The Basic Types of Estimates453. 1 General Remarks453.2 Maximum Likelihood Type Estimates(M-Estimates)3.2.1 Influence Function of m-estimates73.2.2 Asymptotic Properties of M-Estimates483.2.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Robustness of MEstimates3.3 Linear Combinations of Order Statistics(L-Estimates)3.3.1 Influence Function of -Estimates3.3.2 Quantitative and Qualitative robustness of l-Estimates 593. 4 Estimates Derived from Rank Tests(R-estimates3.4.1 Influence Function of R-Estimates623.4.2 Quantitative and Qualitative robustness of R-Estimates 643.5 Asymptotically Efficient M-, L,and R-Estimates674 Asymptotic Minimax Theory for Estimating Location4.1 General remarks4.2 Minimax bias4.3 Minimax Variance: Preliminaries744. 4 Distributions minimizing fisher Information764.5 Determination of Fo by Variational Methods814.6 Asymptotically Minimax M-Estimates914.7 On the minimax Property for L-and R-estimates954.8 Redescending m-estimates74.9 Questions of Asymmetric Contamination101CONTENTSScale Estimates1055.1 General remarks1055.2 M-Estimates of scale1075.3 L-Estimates of scale5.4 R-Estimates of Scale1125.5 Asymptotically efficient Scale estimates1145.6 Distributions Minimizing fisher Information for Scale5.7 Minimax Properties116 Multiparameter Problemsin Particular Joint Estimationof Location and scale1256. 1 General remarks1256.2 Consistency of M-Estimates1266.3 Asymptotic Normality of M-Estimates1306. 4 Simultaneous m-Estimates of Location and scale1336.5 M-Estimates with Preliminary Estimates of Scale1376.6 Quantitative robustness of Joint Estimates of Location and Scale 1396.7 The Computation of M-Estimates of Scale14368Studentizing1457 Regression1497. 1 General remarks1497. 2 The Classical Linear Least Squares Case1547. 2.1 Residuals and Outliers1587.3 Robustizing the Least Squares Approach1607.4 Asymptotics of robust regression Estimates163741 The Cases hp2→0 and hp→07.5 Conjectures and Empirical Results1687.5.1 Symmetric Error Distributions1687.5.2 The Question of Bias1687.6 Asymptotic Covariances and Their estimation1707. 7 Concomitant Scale estimates1727.8 Computation of Regression M-Estimates1757.8.1 The Scale Step1767.8.2 The Location Step with Modified residuals1787.8.3 The Location Step with Modified Weights179CONTENTS7.9 The Fixed Carrier Case: What Size hi?1867. 10 Analysis of Variance1907. 11 LI-estimates and Median polish1937. 12 Other Approaches to Robust Regression1958 Robust Covariance and Correlation Matrices1998. 1 General remarks8.2 Estimation of Matrix Elements Through robust Variances2038.3 Estimation of Matrix Elements Through robust Correlation2048.4 An Affinely equivariant approach2108.5 Estimates Determined by Implicit Equations2128.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions2148.6. 1 The Scatter estimate v2148.6.2 The Location estimate t2198.6.3 Joint Estimation of t and y2208.7 Influence Functions and Qualitative robustness2208.8 Consistency and asymptotic normality2238.9 Breakdown Point48.10 Least informative distributions2258.1058. 10.2 Covariance2278.11 Some Notes on Computation2339 Robustness of Design2399.1 General remarks2399.2 Minimax Global Fit9.3 Minimax Slope24610 Exact Finite Sample Results24910.1 General Remarks24910.2 Lower and Upper Probabilities and Capacities25010.2.1 2-Monotone and 2-Alternating Capacities25510.2.2 Monotone and Alternating Capacities of Infinite Order 25810.3 Robust Tests25910.3. 1 Particular Cases26510.4 Sequential Tests267
- 2020-12-03下载
- 积分：1
