基于小波变换和直方图均衡的红外图像增强
基于红外图像低分辨率、低对比度、视觉特性差的特性，以及传统的利用直方图均衡化进行红外图像增强的方法会丢失图像的细节信息、增强红外图像的噪声的特性，将小波变换的多尺度、多分辨率的特点和直方图均衡化的方法相结合，提出一种更好的实现红外图像增强的算法。激光与红外No.22013尹士畅等基于小波变换和直方图均衡的红外图像增强227度下的原因,手臂的温度和环温比较接近,从而使得得到的图像的对比度比较差,视觉效果不明显。如图2中为经过小波变换后提取出来的图像的低频成分,从中可以看出,该图像和原始图像的对比度差别不大,但是从视觉上来看,图片的连续性较好,噪声较少。图3是经过直方图均衡化处理的图像,经过直方图均衡化之后图像的整体的视觉效果变好了,图片中手表和手臂的对比度非常明显,甚至包括表图4本文增强算法带和手臂的也可以清楚地辨认出来。然而,经过直7结论方图均衡化之后,手臂左下角方向和右下角方向以针对直方图均衡化和小波变换在红外图像增强及手表中央的噪声也变得非常的大,相比较原始图存在的问题,本文所提出的改进算法,通过将两者的像而言信噪比变差了。图4则是将直方图均衡化和优势相结合,弥补单独算法的劣势,从而达到适当提小波变换算法相结合后增强的红外图像,相比较图高原始红外图像的对比度,增强了目标和背景的差3而言,对比度的变化不大,但是图像的很多噪声特异性并且保证红外图像的信噪比的效果。性得到了改善,尤其是手表中央和手臂的左右下角部分的噪声得到了明显改善,从而很好的验证了该参考文献:算法的可行性。[1 Lin Zhenxian Song Guoxiang, Xue Wen Comparison andimprovements of several methods wavelet image denoising[ J]. Journal of Xidian University, 2004, 31(4)625-629.( in Chinese)林椹尠,宋国乡,薛文.图像的几种小波去噪方法的比较和改进[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2004,31(4):625-6292 Yu Tianhe, Hao Fuchun, Kang Weimin Summarization onthe infrared image enhancement technology [J]. Infrared图1原始红外图像and Laser Engineering, 2007, S2): 131-137.( in Chinese于天河,郝富春,康为民红外图像增强技术综述[J]红外与激光工程,2007,(S2):131-137[3 Xie Jiecheng, Zhang Dali, Xu Wenli. Wavelet Image De-noising vigorously [ J]. Journal of Image and Graphics2002,7(3):209-218.( in Chinese)谢杰成,张大力,徐文立小波图象去噪综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2002,7(3):209-218图2低频红外图像[4 Peng Zhou, Zhao Baojun. Nover scheme for infrared imageenhancement based on contourlet transform and fuzzy theory[J]. Laser& nfrared,2011,41(6):129-133.彭洲,赵保军.基于 Contourlet变换和模糊理论的红外图像增强算法[J].激光与红外,2011,41(6):129-133[5 Yong Yang, Wang Jingru, Zhang Qiheng. Enhancement oflow Contrast Image Contain Small Targ[ J]. Laser &Infrared,2005,35(5):373-377.( in Chinese)图3直方图均衡化雍杨,王敬儒,张启衡.弱小目标低对比度图像增强算228激光与红外第43卷法研究[J].激光与红外,205,35(5):373-377round[ J. Laser Infrared, 2003, 33(6): 109-114.[6 An Chengbin, Ren Hongliang, Nei Chuanhong, et al. Infraincsered Image Enhancement Technology for Staring Infrared温佩芝,史泽林,于海斌基于小波变换的复杂海面背Imager[ J]. Laser Infrared, 2003, 33(6): 32-33. (in景红外小目标检测[J]激光与红外,2003,33(6)nese109-114安成斌任宏亮,传虹,等凝视焦平面热像仪的红[11]孙延奎小波分析及其应用M].北京:机械工业出版外图像增强技术[J].激光与红外,203,33(6):社,2005[12] Turghunjan, et al. a technique of image enhancement[7]宋芳莉图像边缘检测中的方法研究[D].西安:西北based on the dyadic wavelet transform[ J]. Joumal of Xin-大学,2002jiang Normal University Natural Science Edition, 2006[8 Luo Jiebo, Chen Changwen, Parker K J Image enhancement25(4):6-13for low bit rate wavelet-based compression[ J]. IEEE Inter吐尔洪江,等.基于二进小波变换的图像增强技术national Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1997: 6-20[J].新疆师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,25(4)[9 Ji Shupeng, Ding Xiaoqing. Study on image enhancing fusion algorithm of visible and infrared image[J]. Laser [13]S Mallat. a Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing[ M].PittsInfrared, 2002, 31(6): 518-521.( in Chinese): Academic Press, 1999.吉书鹏,丁晓青.可见光与红外图像增强融合算法矸4]张德丰 MATLAB小波分析[M].机械工业出版社究[J激光与红外,2002,31(6):518-5212009[10] Wen peizhi, Shi Zhelin, Yu haibin. Wavelet transform-[15]葛哲学,沙威.小波分析理论与 MATLAB R007实现based Detection for Small IR Target in Complex Sea Back-[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007
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ISO16750-3-2012
ISO16750-3-2012Road vehicles — Environmentalconditions and testing for electricaland electronic equipment —Part 3:Mechanical loadsContents PageForeword.............................................................................................................................................Iso16750-3:2012[EContentsPageForewordScope12Normative references1Terms and definitions4Tests and requirements4.1ibration4.2 Mechanical shock274.3 Free fall…294.4 Surface strength/ scratch and abrasion resistance294.5 Gravel bombardmentCode letters for mechanical loads29Documentation…,…………111111130Annex A (informative) Guideline for the development of test profiles for vibration tests.32Annex B (informative) Recommended mechanical requirements for equipment depending on themounting location44Bibliography46C ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EForewordISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standardsbodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried outthrough iso technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationaorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the workIso collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters ofelectrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/IEC Directives, Part 2The main task of technical committees is to prepare lnternational standards. draft InternationalStandards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodiescasting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsIso 16750-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicle, Subcommittee SC 3,Electrical and electronical equipment.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (Iso 16750-3: 2007), which has beentechnically revisedISo 16750 consists of the following parts, under the general title road vehicles-Environmental conditionsand testing for electrical and electronic equipment:Part 1: GeneralPart 2: electrical loadsPart 3: Mechanical loadsPart 4: Climatic loadsPart 5: chemical loadso ISO 2012-All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARDIso16750-3:2012(E)Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical and electronic equipmentPart 3Mechanical loads1 ScopeThis part of IS0 16750 applies to electric and electronic systems/components for road vehicles. Itdescribes the potential environmental stresses and specifies tests and requirements recommended forthe specific mounting location on/in the vehicleThis part of iso 16750 describes mechanical loads2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments applies.Iso16750-1, Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical andelectronicequipment-Part 1: GeneralIEC 60068-2, 6, Environmental testing- Part 2-6: Testing, Test Fc: Vibration SinusoidalIEC60068-2, 14, Basicenvironmental testing procedures- Part 2-14: Tests-Test Nb: Change oftemperatureTEC 60068-2, 64, Environmental testing Part 2-64: Test methods -Test Fh -Vibration, broad-bandrandom(digital control)and guidanceIEC 60068-2, 80, Environmental testing- Part 2-80: Tests- Test Fi: Vibration - Mixed mode testingIEC 60068-2-31, Environmental testing procedures- Part 2: Tests; Test Ec: Free fall, Clause 5.23 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Iso 16750-1 app4 Tests and requirements4.1 Vibration41.1 GeneralThe vibration test metho ds specified consider various levels of vibration severities applicable to on-board electrical and electronic equipment. It is recommended that the vehicle manufacturer andsupplier choose the test method, the environmental temperature and vibration parameters dependingon the specific mounting locationFollowing the expressions in MIL-STD please noticeC ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EWhen applied properly, the environmental management and engineering processes described in this partof Iso 16750 can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness andoverall durability. However, it is important to recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratorytesting that make itimperative to use proper caution and engineering judgement when extrapolating theselaboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, realworld environmental stresses (singularly orin combination cannot be duplicated practically or reliably intestlaboratories. Therefore, users of this part of Iso 16750 should not assume that a system or componentthat passes laboratory tests of this part of Iso 16750 would also pass field/ fleet verification trialsThe specified values are the best estimation one can get up to the moment when results frommeasurements in the car are received - but they do not replace a car measurement!The specified values apply to direct mounting in defined mounting locations. Using a bracket formounting can resultin higher or lower loads. If the device under test ( DUT)is used in the vehicle with abracket then all vibration and mechanical shock test shall be done with this bracketCarry out the vibration with the dut suitably mounted on a vibration table. The mounting method (sused shall be noted in the test report. Carry out the frequency variation by logarithmic sweeping of 0,5octave/minute for sinusoidal tests and the sinusoidal part of sine on random tests. The scope of therecommended vibration tests is to avoid malfunctions and breakage mainly due to fatigue in the fieldTesting for wear has special requirements and is not covered in this part of ISo 16750Loads outside of the designated test frequency ranges are to be considered separatelNOTE Deviations from the load on the DUT can result, should vibration testing be carried out according tothis part of Iso 16750 on a heavy and bulky dut, as mounting rigidity and dynamic reaction on the vibrator tableexcitation are different compared to the situation in the vehicle. This deviation can be minimized by applying theaverage control method(see Annex A)Application of the weighted average control method according to IEC 60068-2, 64 is to be agreed uponSubject the dut during the vibration test to the temperature cycle according to iEC 60068-2, 14, withelectric operation according to diagram 1. Alternatively, a test at constant temperature may be agreed onOperate the dutelectrically as indicatedin Figure l at Tmin(Short functional testafterthe dUT completelyreached Tmin). This functional test shall be as short as possible- only long enough to check the properperformance of the dUt. This minimizes self-heating of the dUT. Additional electrical operation of theDUT between 210 min and 410 min of the cycle (see Figure 1)Additional drying of test chamber air is not permittedIn the vehicle, vibration stress can occur together with extremely low or high temperatures; for thisreason, this interaction between mechanical and temperature stress is simulated in the test, too. afailure mechanism is, for example, a plastic part of a system/component, which mellows due to the hightemperature and cannot withstand the acceleration under this condition2o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[EYmax20aburditt0100200300400500600yY temperature[°C]x time [ minIa Operating mode 3.2 according to ISo 16750-1.b Operating mode 2. 1 according to ISo 16750-1One cycleFigure 1-Temperature profile for the vibration testTable 1- Temperature versus time for the vibration testTimeTemperaturemin°C0206040150-4021020300max41048020See Is016750-44.1.2 Tests4.1.2.1 Test I- Passenger car, engine4.1.2.1.1 PurposeThis test checks the dUt for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a piston engine can be split up into two kinds: Sinusoidal vibration which results from theunbalanced mass forces in the cylinders and random noise due to all other vibration-schemes of an engine,C ISO 2012-All rights reserved3Iso16750-3:2012Ee.g. closing of valves. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-roadconditions is taken into account. The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueNOTE 1 Road profile usually has negligible impact on engine-mounted components. Shock inputs are effectivelysolated by suspension, and engine-mounting systemsThe test profiles specified in the following clauses apply to loads generated by(four strokereciprocating enginesNotE 2 If the dut is to be tested for a specific resonance effect, then a resonance dwell test according to 8.3.2of IEC 60068-2, 6: 2007 can also be applied4.12.1.2Test4.1.2.1.2.1 GeneralIt is required to perform this test as a mixed mode vibration test according to IEC 60068-2, 80NOTE The test duration is based on A 4. The temperature in the chamher is above room temperature (rt)atthe end of the test (2 3/4 temperature cycles4.1.2.1.2.2 Sinusoidal vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 6, but using a sweep rate of s 0,5 octave/minute. Use a testduration of 22 h for each plane of the dUTUse curve l in Table 2/ Figure 2 for DUT intended for mounting on engines with 5 cylinders or fewerUse curve 2 in Table 2/Figure 2 for dUT test intended for mounting on engines with 6 cylinders or moreBoth curves may be combined to cover all engine types in one test2502001501005050100150200250300350400450500ⅩKeyamplitude of acceleration [m/s2IXfrequency [Hzcurve1(≤5 cylinders)curve 2(5 cylindersFigure 2- Vibration severity curves4o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[ETable 2- values for max acceleration versus frequencyCurve 1(see Figure 2FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHz100100200200240200270100440100Curve 2(see Figure 2)FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHm/s2100100150150440150CombinationFrequencyAmplitude of accelerationH1001001501502002002402002551504401504,1.21.2.3 Random vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 64. Use a test duration of 22 h for each plane of the DUTThe r.m.s. acceleration value shall be 181 m/s2The psd versus frequency are referred to in Figure 3 and Table 3NoTE The Power Spectral Density(PSD)values (random vibration] are reduced in the frequency range of thesinusoidal vibration testC ISO 2012-All rights reserved5Iso16750-3:2012EY100100,110100100010000KeyY PSD [(m/s2)2/HzX frequency [Hz]Figure 3- PSD of acceleration versus frequencyTable 3- Values for frequency and PsDFrequencyPSDH:(m/s2)2/Hz1010100103000,5150020200024.1.2.1.3 RequirementBreakage shall not occur.Functional status a see iso 16750-1) is required during operating mode 3.2 as defined in ISo 16750-1and functional status C during periods with other operating modes4.1.2.2 Test II-Passenger car, gearbox4.1.2.2.1 PurposeThis test checks the dut for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a gearbox can be split up into two kinds which result partly from sinusoidal vibrationfrom unbalanced mass forces of the engine(e. g dominating orders) in the frequency range from 100 Hzto 440 Hz and vibration from the friction of the gear wheels and other schemes, which are tested in therandom part. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-road conditionsis taken into account The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueChanging the gears can create additional mechanical shock and shall be considered separatey brationsThe test profiles specified in the following subclauses apply to loads generated by gearbox vibo ISO 2012-All rights reserved
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