微电网三相并网逆变器硬件研究与设计
对于并网逆变器的设计，关于DSP的控制算法，还有对硬件电路的设计，摘要摘要微电网系统的电能通常是由多种分布式发电装置或储能装置经过电力变换组网形成,其供电单元具有分散性,间断性的特点。不论是何种分布式发电装置或者储能装置,最终都要并入可供用户直接使用的交流电网,因此必须经过一系列电能变换,才能保证安全、高效的将电能馈送至电网。微电网三相并网逆变器就是其并网的关键器件之一,其在微电网运行管理系统的统一调度控制下运行。论文首先介绍了微电网以及各类分布式电能的概念及特点,之后系统的介绍了三相并网逆变器的功能,结构,并按照三部分进行介绍:主功率电路部分,基于的控制电路部分以及三相全桥逆变器控制策略。主功率电路部分按照能量变换过程,将系统分为两级:前级变换部分和后级的二相逆变部分。并根据设计功率详细介绍主开关器件的选型,驱动电路以及保护电路的确定和该部分其他电路器件参数的选择依据基于控制电路主要分为了两部分来具体介绍:通用的最小工作系统和用于该三相全桥逆变器控制芯片的接口电路。最小工作系统包括系统电源,晶振,串口等;接口电路包括控制信号放大电路,以及电能质量采样电路。以交流电能的采样部分为主,介绍了采用六通道同步采样芯片的信号调理电路的设计。文章还对常用的逆变器控制方案进行比较,给出本系统使用控制策略。并结合系统采用的心片的结构特点介绍了软件设计思路最后,文章还进行该论文相关的仿真和测试实验。通过仿真和实验结果验证了设计的正确性关键词:分布式电源、微电网、并网逆变器目录目录第一章绪论1.1课题背景与意义1.2微电网系统综述1.2.1微电网的概念及优点1.2.2微电网电源22232.3微电网中微电源的供电模式1.2.4分布式并网系统的并网标准1.2.5微电网逆变器的特点3本文主要研究内容第二章并网逆变器的拓扑结构及工作原理2.1并网逆变器的分类及设计原则2.2并网逆变器主电路结构的设计.6788992.2.1输入方式与控制方式的确定2.2.2能量转换结构的确定..102.3直流变换电路的设计2.3.1 Boost斩波升压电路图及基本原理2.3.2电感电流连续的条件.......122.4三相逆变电路的设计2.4.1组合式三相逆变器132.1.2半桥式三相逆变器2.1.3全桥式三相逆变器2.4.4三相逆变器的工作原理2.5谐波扣制电路的设计182.5.1谐波的定义,,,,,,,,,,,,,,192.5.2滤波器的选择2.6本章小结.....19目录第三章并网逆变器功率电路的设计.3.1设计技术指标看1垂春203.2电力电子器件的选型●·垂垂203.2. L IGBT的结构和工作原理垂·春看垂垂213.2.2IGBT的特性·垂非,,,,,223.2.3IGBT驱动电路的设计3.2.4IGBT过流保护电路243.2.5工作波形253.3整体设计3.4前级DC-DCB00s电路273.1.1组成及参数设计,,,,,,,,273.4.2主要参数设计273.4.3 MATLAB仿真.●·春293.5后级DC-AC三相仝桥逆变电路.5.1主要参数设计·◆·D313.5.2滤波电感D垂鲁323.6控制检测系统总体设计343.6.1直流电能传感器的选择和使用343.6.2交流电能传感器的选择和使用.353.7本章小结.第四章基于TMS32OF2812的控制电路设计..374.1TMS320LF2812简介374.2系统工作过程及功能设计.1.3TMS320LF2812通用部分电路的设计13.1电源电路4.3.2晶振电路,.4.3.3外部存储器的扩展414.3.4串凵电路的设计4.4TMS320LF2812接口电路的设计424.4.1交流信号的同步采集..434.4.2直流信号的采集....51目录4.4.3SPWM驱动信号输出电路,D·垂4.4.4eCAN总线驱动器的选择鲁D垂垂4.5木章小结.第五章三相并网逆变器的控制策略及软件设计..545.lPWM理论简介.545.2常见控制方式.垂···看垂·垂5.2.1滞环瞬时比较方式555.2.2 SVPWM控制方式565.2.3SPWM控制方式....565.3SPWM波的产生575.4基于TMS320LF2812控制芯片的软件设计595.4.1程序总体设计595.4.2SPWM控制波中断程序605.4.3其他中断子程序,615.5本章小结垂·垂·垂61第六章结论与展望..626.1设计制作实物6.2系统逆变输出646.3展望.6致谢67参考文献攻硕期间取得的研究成果第一章绪论第一章绪论木章介绍了微电网系统的概念以及发展情况,闸明了论文选题的背景和意义,明确了木文研究目标。1.1课题背景与意义能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础,伴随着现代社会的发展,人类对于能源的需求愈来愈多,但是传统的化石能源如煤炭、石油与天然气等,在转化为其他各种形式的能量时,会不同程度的产生废气、废物等,严重污染了自然环境,对人类的健康和地球的生态平衡等都造成了不可忽视的影响;更严峻的是化石能源不可再生,终会有消耗殆尽的时候。因此为了保护人类的生态环境,避免能源危机,人类必须减少化石能源的份额,增加新型能源和可再生能源的比重,向建立可持续发展的能源体系过渡。我国又是世界上最大的煤炭生产国和消费国,以及世界上少数几个以煤炭为主要能源的国家之一,能源短缺以及对环境造成的污染更是不容我们迟疑,新型能源以及可再生能源的开发与应川势在必行。可再生能源中的太阳能,风能等新型能源都是当前的研究热点。此类能源具有资源卡富,洁浄环保,分布分散,位置灵活的特点,极好的适应了资源分布和分散电力的需求,因此多作为分布式电源用于局部或偏远地区的发电,有效减少了配电网的巨额投资和长距离传输中所产生的电能浪费;此外,分布式电源还可与大电网互为各用,提高供电可靠性等。虽然分布式电源有着自身的优点,但是也存在诸多问题:分布式电源单机接入成本高,控制困难;为了减小分布式电源对大电网的冲击,大系统通常对其采取限制、隔离的方式来处理;当大电网系统发生故障时,分布式能源必须退出运行等,这些都大大限制了分布式电源充分发挥其自身的优势。为了充分发挥分布式电源的优势,降低其对公共电网的不利影响,于是提出了把分布式电源、储能设备以及负荷一起作为配电子系统一一微电网(微电网及用户对所使川电能的电压值、功率、功率因数和谐波畸变因数等都有严格的要求,如何使各分布式电能单元与微电网实现安全、高效的并网是其应用的重要环节。本文就是研究微电网中,各分布式发电系统与电网之闫的电力电电子科技大学硕上学位论文子学界面一一三相并网逆变器,并基于的设计,实现一种在微电网运行管理系统下根据指令协调运行,安全可靠,相位可调的三相并网逆变器1.2微电网系统综述1.2.1微电网的概念及优点国际上对微型电网的定义各不相同,美国、欧盟、日本等都各有特点年,美国电力可靠性技术解决方案协公()首次对微电网展开」研究。年,从系统结构、控制方法、经济效益等方面系统全面地介绍了微电网的概念。微电网是一种由微型电源、负载、监控保护装置共同组成的为一定区域供电的小型发配电系统。它通过一个公共连接点(,)与大电网连接,即可以独立运行确保区域内部供需平衡,也可以与大电网并联运行,形成一个大型电网与分布式电源微电网联合运行的系统。微电网相对于外部大电网表现为单一的受控单元,并可同时满足用户对电能质量和供电安全的要求,与传统的大电网相比较,具有下列显著优点。()投资小、见效快。发展微电网可以减少延缓对大型常规发电厂与输配电系统的投资,降低投资风险。()满足特殊场合的川电需求。如是大电网不易达到的偏远地区的供电,避免输电网长距离送电的电能传输损耗;以及临时大型活动的供电系统等()提高供电可靠性。采用分布式电源的微电网可以弥补大电网安全稳定性上的不足,在大电网停电时维护全部或部分重要拥护的供电,避免大面积停电造成的严重后果)釆用分布式电源组网,启停方便,调峰性能好,冇利于平衡负荷)将太阳能、风能等可再生能源组网使用,可就地补偿可再生能源发电装置功率输出的问歇性问题()储能系统组网后,可在负荷低估从电网获取宦于电能,而在负荷高峰时向电网送电,提高电网运行效率1.2.2微电网电源电源是微网中重要的组成部分,相对于传统电力系统的电源都是同步发电机,
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Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdf
Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdfRino micheloni· Luca Crippa· Alessia marelliInside nand flashMemoriesSpringerRino micheloniLuca CrippaIntegrated Device TechnologyForward InsightsAgrate BrianzaNorth yorkItalCanadarino. micheloni@ieee. orgluca.crippa @ieee.orgAlessia marelliIntegrated Device Technologyagrate brianzaItalylessiamarelli@gmail.comISBN97890-481-9430-8e-ISBN97890-481-9431-5DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9431-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New YorkLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2010931597O Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the wor Ose ofpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpoCover design: eStudio Calamar SLPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceIn the last decade Flash cards became the most important digital storage supportIt is difficult to identify a single killer application(digital photography, MP3digital video, ...)or whether the success of this media support is due to itsusability in different applications. It is also difficult to state whether the recentlution in the infotainment area has been triggered by the availability of high-performance NAND Flash memories or if the extraordinary success of Flash cardsis a consequence of the establishment of new applicationsIn any case, independently of the cause-effect relationship linking new digitalapplications and Flash cards, to realize how NANd Flash memories entered in ourdaily life, it is sufficient to imagine as they would change our recent habits if theNAND memories disappeared suddenly. To take a picture it would be necessary tofind a film (as well as a traditional camera .), disks or even magnetic tapes wouldbe used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return tobe a simple mean of communication rather than a console for an extendedentertainmentThe development of nand Flash memories will not be set down on the mereevolution of these digital systems since a new killer application can trigger a furthersuccess for this memory support: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives(HDD)with Solid State Drives (SSD)The advantages of Ssd with respect to HDD are countless(higher read/writspeed, higher mechanical reliability, random access, silent operation, lower powerconsumption, lower weight, .. ) Nevertheless, the cost per gigabyte is stillsignificantly favorable to hDd and the success of ssd will depend only on theperformances that they will succeed in reachingThe present book, the fourth authored by rino micheloni and coworkers afterVLSI-Design of Non-volatiles Memories, Memories in Wireless Systems and ErrorCorrection Codes for Non-volatile Memories, all published by Springer, tacklesall the main aspects related to NANd Flash memories, from the physicaltechnological, and circuit issues to their use in Flash cards and SsdsAfter an extended market overview(Chap. 1), Chap 2 has been conceived as aguide for the entire book, so that the reader can directly reach the heart of theproblems that interest himThe following chapters deepen physical and technological aspects. In particularChaps. 3 and 4 tackle technological and reliability issues of traditional FloatingGate NAND memories, respectively, while the state-of-the-art of charge trappingtechnologies is effectively summarized in Chap 5Ⅴ i PrefaceThe central part of the book is dedicated to circuit issues: logic( Chap. 6),sensing circuits(Chaps. 8 and 9)and high voltage blocks( Chaps. 1l and 12)Other basic topics related to circuit aspects are also analyzed, such as theimplementation of Double Data Rate interfaces( Chap. 7), while multilevel storage(2 bits per cell) is presented in Chap. 10Techniques adopted to increase memory reliability and yield are discussedin Chaps. 13 and 14, the former dealing with redundancy, the latter with ErrorCorrection Codes. The test flux used by nand memories manufactures is describedin Chap 15Chapter 16 focus on nand devices storing 3 and 4 bits per cell that allowreaching the lower cost per gigabyte and that will conquer, in the next few years,the market of consumer applicationsThe last chapters are dedicated to the two most popular systems based onNAND memories: Flash cards( Chap. 17)and SsD(Chap. 18). The relationshipbetween Nand memories and system performances are highlightedFinally, Chap. 19 describes the effects of ionizing radiations on non-volatilememories, to understand whether NaNd memories can be safely used in spaceand military applicationsProf. Piero olivoDean of the Engineering FacultyUniversity of ferrara, ItalyAcknowledgementsAfter completing a project like a technical book, it is very hard to acknowledgeall the people who have contributed directly or indirectly with their work anddedicationFirst of all, we wish to thank all the authors of the contributed chaptersWe have to thank mark de Jongh for giving us the possibility of publishing thiswork and cindy zitter for her continuous supportLast but not least, we keep in mind all our present and past colleagues for theirsuggestions and fruitful discussionsRino. Luca and alessiaTable of contentsPrefaceAcknowledgementsvIII Market and applications for nand Flash memoriesGregory Wong2 NAND overview: from memory to systemsR. Micheloni, A Marelli and S. Commodaro3 Program and erase of Nand memory arrays55Cristoph Friederich4 Reliability issues of NAND Flash memoriesC. Zambelli. a. Chimenton and p. olivo5 Charge trap nand technologies115Alessandro grossi6 Control logic131A Marelli.R Micheloni andR. ravasio7 NAND DDR interface161Andrea silvagni8 Sensing circuits197L. Crippa and R. micheloni9 Parasitic effects and verify circuits235L. Crippa and R. michelonO MLC Storage261L Crippa and R Micheloni11 Charge pumps, voltage regulators and HV switchesR Micheloni and L Crippa
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