2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告
2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告，《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云MaxCompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础，描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势，并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的研究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作，共建交通共同体。年度高德地圖概述中国主要城市交通分析报告Summary《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云 Maxcompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础,描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势,并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的硏究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作,共建交通共同体。联合发布品贴A未来交通与城市计算联含实验室JOINT LABORATORYc】阿里云FOR FUTURE TRANSPORT AN URDAN COMPUTINI年度高德地圖编制说明中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description调研城市:361城+全国高速城市范围:选取城市的中心城区作为城市道路网评价范围,各城市中心城区范围是根据政府公开数据、交通岀行大数据、高德地图开放平台定位数据、交通出行大数据综合挖掘研判划定样本说明:交通评价中,公共交通车流独立区分计算数据呈现:采用“九宫格”指标综合评价和表征城市交通运行健康状况,其中“路网高峰行程延时指数”、“路网高峰拥堵路段里程比”、“骨干道路运行速度偏差率”、“路网高延时运行时间占比”四项指标已兼容公安部、中央文明办、住房和城乡建设部、交通运输部四部委、办联合印发《城市道路交通文明畅通提升行动计划(2017-2020)》的第三方评估标准。时间说明:全天06:0-22:00早高峰07:00-09:00晚高峰17:00-19:00常规说明无特殊说明,本报告统计时间均为2018年1月1日~2018年12月31日分析范围:50城选取361+城市和全国高速50个城市高德地圖编制说明年度中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description指标扩维:路网行程延时指数->九宫格矩阵->健康诊断全国二大堵点治理方案备网高延通勤拥堵时间(时运行时)(压力经济损失九宫格路网高峰常发拥缓行路矩阵空间(拥堵路段】(堵路段】段里程交通健康指数里程比里程比广州沿江西路效率路网高峰平均(珠江北岸-沿江西路)行程延时速度更新说明指数出行扩维:增加公共交通重庆鸿恩路群众艺术馆一鸿恩寺立交私家车公共交通目录Catalog01主要城市交通运行现状交通健康指数立体诊断城市交通畅通文明工程指标研究公共交通运行分析02年度城市出行标签年度出行盘点城市边界及核心区发展03城市交通病解决方案未来交通与城市计算联合实验室年度成果展堵点治理方案年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告01中国主要城市交通运行现状年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告“交通健康指数”立体诊断城市交通“交通健康指数”计算说明高德地amap. Cam随着城市交通复杂性增加和智能交通的飞速发展,单一指标的评价和诊断已不能满足我国交通运行的多样化。高德首创城市交通病诊断的综合性评价“交通健康指数”来全面刻画城市交通运行状况,该指数从时间、空间、效率的九项交通运行指标的综合评价,实现城市全方位立体化智慧运行诊断。该指数算法沿用国际通用的信息熵法客观确定评价指标权重(该方法在政府权威部门、社会经济、学术领域的各类报告中得到广泛普遍应用);同时,采用 TOPSIS正负理想解的计算进行排名,最终评分结果代表各城市九宫格指标与理想值之间的接近程度。“交通健康指数”越髙说眀离理想值越近,城市运行相对越健康;指数越低则说明多项指标距离理想值越远,相对越不健康。九项指标信息熵权重分配■权重确定方法—熵值法排名得分方法—TOPS|s1)各项指标运用最大最小值归一化处理,并考1)对于反向指标采用取倒数进行同向处理,然后进行数据规范化效率一骨干时间一路网虑指标的正反向进行调整2道路运行速高延时运行度偏差率,时间占比2)计算第项指标下第个样本值占该指标的比重刻率一高峰平为11.6%114%/时间-通勤2)利用欧式距离计算与最优最劣目标的距离,并乘以权重压力指数pp9.8%;{z;-x)2,D:(21-2)2效率一路网高时间一日拥3〕计算第j项指标的熵值行程延时捐数,10.7%堵经济损失e=-k∑p;lm(P;),=1,…,m3)计算各评价对象与最优方案的贴近程度空间一高峰12.6%缓行路段里空间一路网D:+D程比,98%高峰拥堵路4)计算信息熵冗余度空间一常发段里程比值越接近1,表示评价对象越优秀。在城市健康指薮中,所得结果即代表着该城市健康拥堵路段里10.3%d1=1程比5)计算各项指标权重水平与最优目标的接近百分比。15.2%d∑d最终计算各指标权重如左图所示。2018年度中国“交通健康城市”分布热力图高德地amap. Cam2018年度中国主要城市“交通健康指数”分布热力图地域分布来看■从数据分布来看,一线及省会等大型城市的“交通健康指数”相对普遍较低;其指数与城市均值线差距较远,处于亚健康状态全国50个主要城市中,长三角地区除上海外大部分城市“交通健康指数”相对较高,处于相对健康状态,珠三角的大部分城市指数较高,相对处于亚健康
- 2020-12-09下载
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MSC.Marc 2013.1理论手册
MSC.MARC是功能齐全的高级非线性有限元软件，具有极强的结构分析能力。可以处理各种线性和非线性结构分析包括：线性/非线性静力分析、模态分析、简谐响应分析、频谱分析、随机振动分析、动力响应分析、自动的静/动力接触、屈曲/失稳、失效和破坏分析等ContentsMarc Volume A: Theory and User InformationrefaceAbout this manual■■■■20Purpose of volume A20Contents of volume a20How to Use this manual211 The Marc SystemMarc Programs............■■23Marc for Analysis23Mentat or patran for gul24Structure of marc24Procedure Library24Material Library24Element Library25Program Function Library25Features and benefits of marc252 Program InitiationMarc Host Systems27Workspace Requirements27Marc Workspace Requirements27File Units30Program Initiation.........32Examples of running marc Jobs■■■■■344 Marc Volume A: Theory and User Information3 Data EntryInput Conventions38Input of List of Items39Examples of lists41Table Driven Input■■41Table Input42Parameters46Model Definition Options46History Definition Options46REZONE Option474 Introduction to mesh definitionDirect Input49Element Connectivity Data49Nodal coordinate data53Activate/Deactivate54User Subroutine Input54MESH2D54Block definition54Merging of Nodes54Block Types55Symmetry, Weighting, and Constraints57Additional Options58Mentat58FXORD Option59Major classes of the fXoRD Option59Recommendations on Use of the FXORD Option63Incremental mesh generators■■■■■63Bandwidth Optimization64Rezoning.....64Substructure65Technical Background66Scaling Element Stiffness67Contents 5BEAM SECT Parameter■■■68Orientation of the Section in Space68Definition of the section68Error Analysis74ocal AdaptivityNumber of Elements Created7474Boundary Conditions75Location of new nodes76Adaptive Criteria77Automatic Global remeshing80Remeshing criteria84Remeshing TechniquesPatran Tetrahedral mesher885 Structural Procedure LibraryLinear Analysis99Accuracy100Error estimates100Adaptive meshing101Fourier Analysis101Nonlinear Analysis104Geometric nonlinearities108Eulerian FormulationArbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian(AEL) Formulation118Nonlinear Boundary Conditions118Buckling Analysis120Perturbation Analysis121Computational Procedures for Elastic-Plastic Analysis126Creep138Viscoelasticity142Viscoplasticity143Fracture Mechanics144Linear fracture mechanics144Nonlinear fracture mechanics147Numerical Evaluation of the J-integral148Numerical Evaluation of the Energy Release Rate with the VCCT Method150Automatic Crack PropagationDynamic Fracture Methodology1626 Marc Volume A: Theory and User InformationDynamic crack Propagation..162Crack Initiation163Mesh Splitting165Mesh Splitting Along Edges or Faces165Mesh Cutting167Dynamics...168Modal(Eigenvalue) Analysis.168Harmonic Response172Spectrum Response75Transient Analysis179Inertia relief191Rigid Body Mode Evaluation.191Rigid-Plastic Flow195Steady State Analysis95Transient Analysis196Technical background..196Superplasticity197Soil Analysis199Technical formulation200Mechanical Wear.,,,,,,,,203Design Sensitivity Analysis........■■205Theoretical considerations207Design Optimization208Approximation of Response Functions Over the Design Space..209Improvement of the Approximation211The Optimization algorithmMarc User Interface for Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization212Define Initial State with Results from a Previous Analysis215Pre state215Model sections217Steady State Rolling Analysis219Kinematics219lnetⅰaE仟fect...221Rolling Contact221Steady state rolling with marc221ContentsStructural Zooming Analysis.222Element Types Supported223Uncoupled Thermal Stress Analysis223Cure-Thermal-Mechanically Coupled Analysis224Cure Kinetics225Cure Shrinkage Strain228References,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2296 Nonstructural Procedure LibraryHeat Transfer234Thermal Contact235Convergence Controls235Steady state Analysis236Transient Analysisemperature Effects238Initial Conditions239Boundary Conditions239Surface Energy243Thermochemical Ablation and Surface Energy Balance244Mathematical Presentation244Mechanical Erosion251Mechanical Erosion by Other Actions251pyrolySis251Coking255Monitoring Thermal Degradation258Presentation of the Energy Equation260Ablation262Welding27Radiation278Conrad Gap292Channel293Output294Diffusion295Technical Background296Hydrodynamic Bearing300Technical Background3028 Marc Volume A: Theory and User InformationElectrostatic Analysis304Technical Background305Magnetostatic Analysis308Technical background..309Magnetodynamic Analysis∴∴320Technical Background322Piezoelectric Analysis325Technical Background326Strain Based Piezoelectric Coupling..328Acoustic Analysis328Rigid Cavity Acoustic Analysis328Technical Background329Fluid mechanics330Finite element formulation333Penalty Method335Steady State Analysis336Transient Analysis336Solid Analysis336Solution of Coupled Problems in Fluids..336Degrees of Freedom337Element Types.337Coupled Analyses∴..■量■画■■■,,,,,,,,339Thermal Mechanically Coupled Analysis341Coupled Acoustic-Structural AnalysisFluid/Solid Interaction- Added Mass Approach342346Coupled Electrostatic-Structural Analysis348Coupled Magnetostatic-Structural Analysis350Coupled Thermal-Electrical Analysis (Joule Heating)352Coupled Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical Analysis355Coupled Magnetostatic-Thermal Analysis357Coupled Magnetodynamic-Thermal Analysis358Coupled Magnetodynamic-Thermal-Structural Analysis..359References∴,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,362Contents 97 Material LibraryLinear Elastic Material365Composite Material ......367Layered Materials368Classical Lamination Theory for Multi-Layered Shells371Material Preferred direction372Material Dependent Failure Criteria376Interlaminar Shear for Thick Shell, Beam, Solid shell, and 3-d Composite brick elements394Interlaminar Stresses for continuum composite elements397Progressive Composite Failure397Mixture model399Gasket403Constitutive model403Nonlinear Hypoelastic Material407Thermo-Mechanical Shape Memory Model422Transformation Induced deformation424Constitutive Theory425Phase Transformation strains425Experimental Data Fitting for Thermo-mechanical Shape Memory Alloy427Mechanical Shape Memory Model431Conversion from Thermo-Mechanical to Mechanical SMA oyExperimental Data Fitting for Mechanical Shape Memory alle434435Elastomer436Updated Lagrange formulation for nonlinear elasticity455Time-independent Inelastic Behavior456Yield Conditions458Mohr-Coulomb Material(Hydrostatic Stress Dependence)464Buyukozturk Criterion(Hydrostatic Stress Dependence)465Powder material465Obtaining Crush Curve and Shear Failure Parameters by Curve Fitting in Marc475Work or strain hardening.....,,,479Flow rule485Constitutive Relations486Time-independent Cyclic Plasticity489Time-dependent Inelastic Behavior492Creep(Maxwell Model)翻495Oak Ridge National Laboratory Laws50010 Marc Volume A: Theory and User InformationSwelling.501Viscoplasticity502Time-dependent Cyclic Plasticity502Anand solder model504Viscoelastic Material505Bergstrom-Boyce Model516Narayanaswamy Model518Frequency-dependent Material Behavior522Viscoelastic Material Behavior in the Frequency Domain522Thermo-Rheologically Simple Material Behavior in the Frequency Domain538Deformation Dependent Relaxation in the Frequency Domain539Harmonic Equations of motion541Performing viscoelastic Analysis in the Frequency Domain543Temperature Effects and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion,546Piecewise Linear Representation547Temperature-Dependent Creep548Coefficient of Thermal Expansion549Time-Temperature-Transformation549Low Tension Material552Uniaxial Cracking Data552LoW Tension Cracking552Tension Softening552Crack Closure553Crushing553Analysis554Soil model554Elastic Models554Cam-Clay Model555Evaluation of soil parameters for the critical state soil model557Damage Models565Ductile metals565Elastomers568Cohesive Zone Modeling570Nonstructural materials578Heat transfer analysis579Piezoelectric Analysis579Thermo-Electrical Analysis579Coupled Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical Analysis579Hydrodynamic Bearing AnalysisFluid/ Solid Interaction Analysis- Added Mass approach579.579
- 2020-12-04下载
- 积分：1
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