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基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计

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基于51的数控直流电源的设计,比较不错,尤其是数控电源在工业与民用上的应用越来越多,这方面的资料又比较欠缺,所以拿来与大家分享。虽然分比较高,但还是很值得的基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计目录1.前言1.1研究背景及意义…1.2国内外研究现状1.3课题的主要内容14论文的总体结构……2方案论证与设计基础知识2.1方案设计与论证…22主控单片机(MCU2.3液晶显示屏(1602)……2.4三端可调稳压器…82.5运算放大器OP072.6数模转换芯片……………1027模数转换芯片3.系统电路原理及硬件实现…………………………………123.1系统总体框图1232系统模块电路设计……………………………………………………………133.2.1单片机控制模块……惠州学院毕业论文3.2.2稳压控制模块…………………………………………………………………143.2.3电压与电流采样模块153.2.4显示模块……183.2.5电源模块193.2.6键盘模块…203.3系统整体原理图……………………………204.系统的软件设计214.1软件设计思路……………………214.2系统软件流程……214.2.1主程序模块……………………………………214.2.2闭环比较程序模块235.系统测试与误差分析……………………………………………………245.1系统测试245.1.1软件测试245.1.2硬件测试245.1.3系统整体测试………………………………………………………2552误差分析……………266.设计总结和展望…………………………………………………………27致谢…………29参考文献附录1系统整体原理图…附录2系统源程序…………………………32基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计1前言1.1研究背景及意义电源技术尤其是数控电源技术是一门实践性很强的工程技术,服务于各行各业。当今电源技术融合了电气、电子、系统集成、控制理论、材料等诸多学科领域。直流稳压电源是电子技术常用的仪器设备之一,广泛的应用于教学、科研等领域,是电子实验员、电子设计人员及电路开发部门进行实验操作和科学研究所不可缺少的电子仪器。在电子电路中,通常都需要电压稳定的直流电源来供电。而整个稳压过程是由电源变压器、整流、滤波、稳压等四部分组成。然而这种传统的直流稳压电源功能简单、不好控制、可靠性低、干扰大、精度低且体积大、复杂度高。普通的直流稳压电源品种有很多,但均存在以下二个问题:输出电压是通过粗调(波段开关)及细调(电位器)来调节。这样,当输出电压需要精确输出,或需要在一个小范围内改变时,困难就较大。另外,随着使用时间的增加,波段开关及电位器难免接触不良,对输出会有影响。稳压方式均是采用串联型稳压电路,对过载进行限流或截流型保护,电路构成复杂,稳压精度也不高。在家用电器和其他各类电子设备中,通常都需要电压稳定的直流电源供电。但在实际生活中,都是由220ⅴ的交流电网供电。这就需要通过变压、整流、滤波、稳压电路将交流电转换成稳定的直流电。滤波器用于滤去整流输出电压中的纹波,一般传统电路由滤波扼流圈和电容器组成,若由晶体管滤波器来替代,则可缩小直流电源的体积,减轻其重量,且晶体管滤波直流电源不需直流稳压器就能用作家用电器的电源,这既降低惠州学院毕业论文了家用电器的成本,又缩小了其体积,使家用电器小型化。传统的直流稳压电源通常采用电位器和波段开关来实现电压的调节,并由电压表指示电压值的大小。因此,电压的调整精度不高,读薮欠直观,电位器也易磨损。而基于单片机控制的直流稳压电源能较好地解决以上传统稳压电源的不足。随着科学技术的不断发展,特别是计算机技术的突飞猛进,现代工业应用的工控产品均需要有低纹波、宽调整范围的高压电源,而在一些高能物理领域,更是急需电脑或单片机控制的低纹波、宽调整范围的电源。1.2国内外研究现状从十九世纪90年代末起,随着对系统更高效率和更低功耗的需求,电信与数据通讯设备的技术更新推动电源行业屮直流值流电源转换器向更高灵活性和智能化方向发展。在上世纪80年代的第一代分布式供电系统开始转向到上世纪末更为先进的第四代分布式供电结构以及中间母线结构,直流/直流电源行业正面临着新的挑战,即如何在现有系统加入嵌入式电源智能系统和数字控制。随着科学技术的迅速发展,人们对物质需求也越来越来高,特别是一些高新技术产品。如今随着直流电源技术的飞跃发展,整流系统由以前的分立元件和集成电路控制发展为微机控制,从而使直流电源智能化,具有遥测、遥信、遥控的三遥功能,基本实现了直流电源的无人值守。并且,在当今科技快速发展过程中,模块化是直流电源的发展趋势,并联运行是电源产品大容量化的一个有效手段,可以通过设计N+1冗余电源系统,实现容量扩展,提高电源系统的可靠性可用性,缩短维修、维护时间,从而使企业产生更大的效益。如:扬州鼎华公司近些年基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计来结合美国 Sorensen amre等公司的先进技术,成功开发了单机最大功率120KW智能模块电源,可以并联32台(可扩展到64台),使最大输出功率可以达到7600kW以上。智能模块电源采用电流型控制模式,集中式散热技术,实吋多仼务监控,具有高效、高可靠、超低辐射,维护快捷等优点,机箱结构紧凑,防腐与散热也作了多方面的加强。它的应用将会克服大功率电源的制造、运输及维修等困难。而且和传统可控硅电源相比节电20%-30%节能优势,奠定了它将是未来大功率直流电源的首选1.3课题的主要内容如何实现对电源的输出控制系统设计的目的是要用微处理器来替代传统直流稳压电源中手动旋转电位器,实现输出电压在电源量程范围内步进冋调,精度要求高。实现的途径很多,可以用DAC的模拟输出控制电溟的基准电压或分压电阻,或者用其它更有效的方法,因此如何选择简单有效的方法是本课题需要解决的首要问题。2、数控直流电源功能的完备数控直流稳压电源要实现电压的键盘化输出控制,同时要具备输出、过压过流保护及数组存贮与预置等功能。另外,根据要求电源还应该可以通过按键选择一些特殊的功能。如何有效的实现这些功能也是课题所需研究解决的问题。3、性能指标输出最大电压:15V输出最大电流:1A惠州学院毕业论文电压步进01V电压分辨率:002V14论文的总体结构第一部分简要介绍课题的背景、意义、国内外研究现状,介绍本文的主要研究内容,包括实现的目标、功能的完备和性能指标。第二部分提出了数控直流电源的总的设计思路和几种实现方案论证,以及相关系统实现的功能,对这些方案的可行性进行比较分析,选择了一种基于51单片机系统的数控直流电源的方案,并对该方案运用的基础知识和使用的器件作出扼要的介绍。第三部分模块化详细阐述了基于51单片数控直流电源的系统整体结构和设计框图,包括薮据单片杋控制模块、稳压控制模块、电压僡流釆样模块、电源模块及键盘模块。第四部分主要阐述了数控直流电源的软件系统的设计思路和软件设计流程。第五部分对数控直流电源的性能参数进行测量与评估,以及对误差进行分析。第六部分对本薮控直流电源的给出了本课题的结论,并对其发展前景进行了展望。2方案与设计基础知识21方案设计与论证根据设计的要求:1、最高输岀电压15V,最大输出电流1A。2、电压步进01V。3、纹波系数尽可能小,输出稳定。4、有限按键操作方使,LCD显示界面基于51单片机数控直流电源的设计5、闭环控制理论的嵌入式软件实现特色及基本技术路线:低成本解决方案。2、直观的实验效果3、经典理论验证平台先硬件后软件,先局部后整体。我设计出以下三个方案:方案一:设计开关电源。在前期方案设计中采用PWM脉宽调制。它的功耗小,效率髙,稳压范围宽,电路形式灵活多样,功耗小,效率高。在制作过程中发现,PWM占空比的线性变化使相应的电流呈非线性变化,经分析发现滤波电容的存在对占空比很小的PWM波积分效果明显,导致电压的非线性变化更显著,特别是PWM占空比很小时(希望得到输出的电压很小),利用单片开关电源的PWM技术控制开关的占空比来调整输出电压的,以达到稳定输出的日的。但用数字量控制的作用更加明显。方案二:用DA和运算放大器做电流源,即采用DA输出调节晶体管的偏值电流电压)。采用此方案能有效的缩短调节吋间,并能提高输出精度。设计方案,包括了微控制器模块、稳压控制模玦、显示模块、键榅模玦、电源模块四部分构成,形成开环控制。方案原理示意图见图2-1:惠州学院毕业论文电压控制单掉电存贮元(LM317)单元(24C02)51单片机(8051)按键电路三位数码管显示单元电源电路图2-1方案二原理框图采用常用的51芯片作为控制器,PO口和DAC0832的数据口直接相连,DA的电压输出端接放大器OP07的输入端,设定放大器的放大倍数为5,输出到电压模块LM3317的电压分辨率0.1ⅴ。所以,当MCU输出数据增加1的时候,最终输出电压增加0.1V,当调节电压的时候,可以以每次0.1Ⅴ的梯度增加或者降低电压。数码管显示电路,该系统使用3个数码管,可以显示三位数,分别组成显示电路的十位、个位、小数点位。本主电路的原理是通过MCU控制DA的输出电压大小,通过放大器放大,给电压模块作为最终输出的参考电压,真正的电压,电流还是由电压模块LM317输出。方案三:用D∧A和运算放大器做电流源,即釆用DA输出调节晶体管的偏值电流

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  • NGSIM使用手册(1)
    美国NGSIM系统的使用手册,方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载,完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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