Vehicle Dynamics Theory and Application
不错的汽车动力学教材，是参与汽车底盘电子开发的动力学基础。Reza n. jazarVehicle DynamicsTheory and ApplicationsSpringerReza n. jazarDept of Mechanical EngineeringManhattan collegeRiverdale. NY 10471ISBN:978-0-387-74243-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-74244-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200794219c 2008 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrievalelectronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownor hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarksservice marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as anexpression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paper987654321springer. comKavoshmy daughter, Vazan,and my wife, MojganHappiness is when you win a race against yourselfPrefaceThis text is for engineering students. It introduces the fundamental knowledge used in vehicle dymamics. This knowledge can be utilized to developcomputer programs for analyzing the ride, handling, and optimization ofroad vehiclesVehicle dynamics has been in the engineering curriculum for more thana hundred years. Books on the subject are available, but most of themare written for specialists and are not suitable for a classroom applicationA new student, engineer, or researcher would not know where and howto start learning vehicle dynamics. So, there is a need for a textbook forbeginners. This textbook presents the fundamentals with a perspective onfuture trendsThe study of classical vehicle dynamics has its roots in the work ofgreat scientists of the past four centuries and creative engineers in thepast century who established the methodology of dynamic systems. Thedevelopment of vehicle dynamics has moved toward modeling, analysisand optimization of multi-body dynamics supported by some compliantmembers. Therefore, merging dynamics with optimization theory was anexpected development. The fast-growing capability of accurate positioninsensing, and calculations, along with intelligent computer programming arethe other important developments in vehicle dynamics. So, a textbook helpthe reader to make a computer model of vehicles, which this book doesLevel of the bookThis book has evolved from nearly a decade of research in nonlineardynamic systems and teaching courses in vehicle dynamics. It is addressedprimarily to the last year of undergraduate study and the first year graduatestudent in engineering. Hence, it is an intermediate textbook. It providesboth fundamental and advanced topics. The whole book can be coveredin two successive courses, however, it is possible to jump over some sections and cover the book in one course. Students are required to know thefundamentals of kinematics and dynamics, as well as a basic knowledge ofnumerical methodsThe contents of the book have been kept at a fairly theoretical-practicallevel. Many concepts are deeply explained and their application empha-sized, and most of the related theories and formal proofs have been explained. The book places a strong emphasis on the physical meaning andapplications of the concepts. Topics that have been selected are of highinterest in the field. An attempt has been made to expose students to aPrefacebroad range of topics and approachese There are four special chapters that are indirectly related to vehicle dy-amics: Applied Kinematics, Applied Mechanisms, Applied dynamics, andApplied vibrations. These chapters provide the related background to understand vehicle dynamics and its subsystemsOrganization of the bookThe text is organized so it can be used for teaching or for self-studyChapter 1"Fundamentals, "contains general preliminaries about tire andrim with a brief review of road vehicle classificationsPart I"One Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics, " presents forward vehicledynamics, tire dynamics, and driveline dynamics. Forward dynamics refersto weight transfer, accelerating braking, engine performance, and gear ratiodesignPart II"Vehicle Kinematics, presents a detailed discussion of vehiclemechanical subsystems such as steering and suspensionsPart IIT"Vehicle Dynamics, employs Newton and Lagrange methodsto develop the maneuvering dynamics of vehiclesPart Iv "Vehicle Vibrations, presents a detailed discussion of vehi-cle vibrations. An attempt is made to review the basic approaches anddemonstrate how a vehicle can be modeled as a vibrating multiple degreeof-freedom system. The concepts of the Newton-Euler dynamics and La-grangian method are used equally for derivation of equations of motionThe RMS optimization technique for suspension design of vehicles is intro-duced and applied to vehicle suspensions. The outcome of the optimizationtechnique is the optimal stiffness and damping for a car or suspended equipmentMethod of presentationThis book uses a fact-reason-application"structure. The "fact"is themain subject we introduce in each section. Then the reason is given as a" proof. The application of the fact is examined in some examples. Theexamplesare a very important part of the book because they show howto implement the facts. They also cover some other facts that are neededto expand the subjectPrerequisitesSince the book is written for senior undergraduate and first-year graduatelevel students of engineering, the assumption is that users are familiar withmatrix algebra as well as basic dynamics. Prerequisites are the fundamentals of kinematics, dynamics, vector analysis, and matrix theory. Thesebasics are usually taught in the first three undergraduate yearsPrefaceUnit SystemThe system of units adopted in this book is, unless otherwise stated, theinternational system of units(SI). The units of degree(deg)or radian(rad)are utilized for variables representing angular quantitiesSymbolse Lowercase bold letters indicate a vector. Vectors may be expressed inan n dimensional Euclidian space. ExamplerCUppercase bold letters indicate a dynamic vector or a dynamic matrix, such as force and moment. ExampleFo Lowercase letters with a hat indicate a unit vector. Unit vectors arenot bolded. ExampleLowercase letters with a tilde indicate a 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrixassociated to a vector. Examplea3211An arrow above two uppercase letters indicates the start and endpoints of a position vector. ExampleON = a position vector from point o to point Ne The length of a vector is indicated by a non-bold lowercase letterExampleCapital letter B is utilized to denote a body coordinate frame. ExampleB(ocgB(Oxyz)B1(o1x19121)ⅹ11PrefaceCapital letter G is utilized to denote a global, inertial, or fixed coordinate frame. ExampleG(XYZG(OXYZRight subscript on a transformation matrix indicates the departureframes. ExampleRB= transformation matrix from frame B(oxyz)Left superscript on a transformation matrix indicates the destinationframe. ExampleRBtransformation matrix from frame B(o cgz)to frame G(OxYZ)Capital letter R indicates rotation or a transformation matrix, if itshows the beginning and destination coordinate frames. Example0BSIn a0Whenever there is no sub or superscript, the matrices are shown in abracket. ExampleCOS asin a osIn aCOs O0e Left superscript on a vector denotes the frame in which the vectoris expressed. That superscript indicates the frame that the vectorbelongs to; so the vector is expressed using the unit vectors of thatEr= position vector expressed in frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on a vector denotes the tip point that the vector isreferred to. ExamplePsition vector ofexpressed in coordinate frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on an angular velocity vector indicates the frame thatthe angular vector is referred to. ExampleB= angularof the body coordinate frame B(oxyz)
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贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南
贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南pdfBayesianEstimationand Tracking园冒国后固目Bayesian Estimation and TrackingA practical Guide内容简介非高斯系统估计的文献一般都存在缺少实用方法的缺点,而高斯方法又缺乏严密、有组织的推导《贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南》一书设法解决这个领域中的不足,为读者提供全面的高斯噪声与非高斯噪声驱动的线性与非线性动态系统估计方法的介绍。本书特点在于提供了贝叶斯估计与跟踪的统一方法,重点强调了在贝叶斯框架下所有跟踪算法的推导过程,还给出了用于计算加权密度积分的高效的数值方法,包括加权高斯积分的线性与非线性卡尔曼滤波器,以及非高斯情况下的粒子滤波器。作者首先给出每种估计方法基本原理的详细推导过程,然后分步骤对每一种方法进行详细说明,使得跟踪滤波器的编码更简单易懂。本书利用了案例分析来展示所研究内容的应用。此外,该书还为每个算法提供了框图,让读者可以自己开发 MATLAB估计方法软件工具箱。《贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南》是一本优秀的估计与跟踪方法课程的研究生教材。本书还适用于估计与跟踪领域的科学研究人员、数学研究人员和工程技术人员,对他们具有重要的实际应用价值。对广大科技工作者来说,也是一本非常有价值的参考书。作者简介安东,J霍格,博土,美国约翰霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室科研人员,他为防空和导弹防御系(AMDD)提出了先进的目标跟踪方法。霍格博士的研究领域包括目标跟踪,信号和阵列处理与处理设计,主动、被动雷达和声纳设计,数字通信和编码理论以及时间频率分析。责任编辑:牛旭东xinwu@ndip.cn责任校对:苏向颖上架建议:计算机视觉封面设计:蒋秀芹httpt//www.ndip.enISBN978-7-118-09321-6WILEYWILEY eEsCopies of this book sold withouta Wiley sticker on the cover are9W78z118m0932161>unauthorized and illegal定价:79.00元装备科技译著出版基金贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南Bayesian Estimation and Tracking: A Practical Guide[美] Anton J.Haug著王欣于晓译图F荤版社北京著作权合同登记图字:军-2013-200号图书在版编目(CIP)数据贝叶斯估计与跟踪实用指南/(美)豪格(Hang,A.J)著;王欣,于晓译.一北京:国防工业出版社,2014.5(高新科技译丛)书名原文 Bayesian estimation and tracking:apractical guideISBN978-7-118-09321-6I.①贝…Ⅱ.①豪…②王…③于…Ⅲ.①贝叶斯估计-指南②贝叶斯估计一应用一目标跟踪一指南Ⅳ①0211.67-62②TN953-62中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2014)第068301号Authorized translation from the English language edition, entitled Bayesian Estimation andTracking, ISBN 978-0-470-62170-7, by Anton J. Haug, published by John Wiley SonsCopyright C 2012 by John Wiley Sons, Inc.All rights reserved. This translation published under license. No part of this book may be repro-duced in any form without the written permission of the original copyrights holderCopies of this book sold without a Wiley sticker on the cover are unauthorized and illegal本书简体中文版由 John Wiley&sons,lno.授权国防工业出版社独家出版。版权所有,侵权必究。阍前有:原社出版发行(北京市海淀区紫竹院南路23号邮政编码100048)北京嘉恒彩色印刷有限责任公司新华书店经售开本710×10001/16印张19%字数370千字2014年5月第1版第1次印刷印数1—2000册定价79.00元本书如有印装错误,我社负责调换)国防书店:(010)88540777发行邮购:(010)88540776发行传真:(010)88540755行业务:(010)88540717前言本书以基本原理为出发点,阐述了贝叶斯估计滤波器的完整的发展历程。书中硏究了由高斯噪声和非髙斯噪声驱动的线性、非线性动态系统。这里假设动态系统是连续的,因为只有在研究离散滤波器的时候,才会在离散时间对系统进行观测。本书的主要目标是给读者提供过去60年来所提出的大部分贝叶斯估计方法的一致性的全面描述,以表明每种以贝叶斯范式为基础的基本思想是如何与条件密度相关的。学习本书内容需要的预备知识包括线性代数、贝叶斯概率理论以及有限差分和插值的数值方法。书中第2章介绍了所有这些主题以及掌握书中其它内容所需的基础知识书中涵盖的部分内容来自于马里兰大学帕克分校数学系的一门研究生课程。该门课程的主要目的是让学生自己开发目标跟踪算法的 MATLAB工具箱。课后给学生们提出一些特定的跟踪问题,要求编写一个或多个 MATLAB子程序来实现某些跟踪方法。一般来说,学生开发的子程序是独立的,并且可以应用于多种难度不大的跟踪问题(例如,纯方位跟踪)。本书不包含任何习题集,使用本书的读者可以根据需要来调整跟踪问题的作业。此外,本书包含4个相当复杂的实用案例,使用本书的老师可以选择其中之一作为编码作业的框架。第一个案例贯穿本书的第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ部分;其余的3个案例则被分成了单独的章节,构成了本书的第Ⅳ部分。本书有两个鲜明特点:①运用大量的表格和图形,给出每种估计方法基本原理的详细推导过程;②每种方法都有非常详细的分步指导,使得跟踪滤波器的编码简单且易于理解。递推贝叶斯估计可以求解转移函数或变换函数的加权条件密度积分。转移函数反映动态状态向量随时间变化的路径,变换函数将状态向量变换成观测向量。有多种求解积分的数值方法,每种都有不同的估计方法。本书第Ⅱ部分和第Ⅲ部分的每个章节都涵盖求解这些积分的一个或多个数值逼近方法,第Ⅱ部分是高斯加权积分的卡尔曼滤波器方法,第Ⅲ部分是未知密度的加权密度积分的粒子滤波器方法。本书是作者在此领域多年研究的成果,希望能为贝叶斯估计和跟踪研究做出贡献。同时,也希望在研究改进这些方法并将其应用到新领域、解决新问题的基础上,本书能够开拓贝叶斯估计和跟踪研究的新方向。Anton J. haug目录刊言Ⅲ第Ⅰ部分预备知识第1章简介…………………………………………31.1贝叶斯推理…1.2贝叶斯层次估计法1.3本书研究范畴1.3.I目标1.3.2章节概述…1.4用 MATLAB⑧进行建模和仿真参考文献…第2章数学基础2.1矩阵线性代数简介9992.1.1矢量与矩阵的约定与记法…2.1.2和与乘积……………………………………………………102.1.3矩阵的逆…2.1.4分块矩阵的逆112.1.5矩阵的平方根…………………………………2.2矢量点发生器…………122.3多参数多维非线性函数估计………………………………152.3.1标量非线性函数估计152.3.2多维非线性函数估计182.4多变量统计概述……232.4.1一般定义32.4.2高斯密度………………………………………25参考文献………………………………………………………31第3章贝叶斯估计的基本概念……333.1贝叶斯估计3.2点估计式343.3基于概率密度函数的递推贝叶斯滤波器…363.4基于状态均值和协方差的递推贝叶斯估计,,,着.383.4.1状态矢量预测……393.4.2状态矢量更新…403.5一般估计方法讨论………………………………42参考文献43第4章实用案例:初步探讨4.1仿真、估计与评价过程,,,,,,,.,,,.非,,..,,鲁非·4.2利用DFAR浮标场进行匀速运动目标跟踪的场景仿真………454.2.1船舶动态模型………………………454.2.2多浮标观测模型464.2.3场景属性………………………………464.3 DIFAR浮标信号处理4.4DFAR似然函数……………………………………………53参考文献55第Ⅱ部分高斯假设:卡尔曼滤波估计器第5章高斯噪声:高斯加权分布的多维积分595.1第3章中重要结论总结5.2回顾卡尔曼滤波器校正(更新)方程的推导…………615.3贝叶斯点预测积分求解高斯密度5.3.1利用仿射变换来简化流程…645.3.2求解高斯加权积分的一般方法66参考文献…………………………68第6章线性卡尔曼滤波器706.1线性动态模型……………………………………………706.2线性观测模型…716.3线性卡尔曼滤波器…6.4IKF在 DIFAR浮标方位估计中的应用,,·,,,·.,,,..,.1.,·Ⅵ参考文献74第7章线性化卡尔曼滤波器:扩展卡尔曼滤波器…767.1一维情况………………767.1.1-维状态预测767.1.2一维状态估计误差方差预测777.1.3一维观测预测方程7.1.4一维预测方程的变换……787.1.5一维线性化EKF过程7.2多维情况………………………807.2.1状态预测方程817.2.2状态协方差预测方程………………………817.2.3观测预测方程……837.2.4多维预测方程的变换837.2.5线性化多维扩展卡尔曼滤波器过程………857.2.6二阶扩展卡尔曼滤波器…867.3多维协方差预测方程的另一种推导……7.4EKF在DFAR船舶跟踪的应用案例分析887.4.1船舶运动动态模型…………………………887.4.2 DIFAR浮标观测模型…………887.4.3初始化卡尔曼滤波器族中所有滤波器907.4.4选定加速度噪声参数………………………917.4.5EKF跟踪滤波器结果参考文献……93第8章 Sigma点类别:有限差分卡尔曼滤波器……948.1一维有限差分卡尔曼滤波器………………………………948.1.1一维有限差分状态预测…948.1.2一维有限差分状态预测……………………………968.1.3一维有限差分观测预测方程…968.1.4一维有限差分卡尔曼滤波器过程………………………968.1.5简化的一维有限差分预测方程978.2多维有限差分卡尔曼滤波器……………………………988.2.1多维有限差分状态预测…988.2.2多维有限差分状态协方差预测1008.2.3多维有限差分观测预测方程101Ⅶ
- 2020-12-07下载
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