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人工鱼群算法matlab代码
人工鱼群智能算法课程代码，仿生群体智能算法，matlab代码。
- 2020-12-05下载
- 积分：1
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LDPC码基础与应用.贺鹤云
入门书籍关于LDPC码的。LDPC码基础与应用.贺鹤云著，共356页。
- 2020-12-08下载
- 积分：1
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Vivado约束指导手册
Vivado约束指导手册输入端口到输出端口路径在从输入端口直接到输出端口的路径上,数据:不需要在器件内部锁存(atch),直接从输入端口到输出端口。他们通常被称为ln-to-out数据路径端口时钟可以是虚拟时钟也可以是设计时钟路径举例图3-1描述了上面所有的路径,在此例图中,设计时钟CLKo可被用作端口时钟,这样既可以约束D|N延时也可以约束DOUT延时FPGA DEVICEBoardDeviceInternal Delay REGAData Path DelayREGB Internal DelayBoardDINi DOUT Device○A4InpOutputDelayBUFGPort ClockCLKOPort clockIn-2-out Data PathFigure 3-1: Path Example时钟路径部分每一个时钟路径由三个部分组成:源时钟路径数据路径目标时钟路径源时钟路径源时钟路径是由源时钟从它的源点(典型的是输入端口)到发送时序单元的时钟引脚之间的路径。对于从输入端口起始的时序路径来说,就不存在源时钟路径数据路径对内部电路,数据路径是发送时序单元和捕捉时序单元之间的路径发送时序单元的有效时钟管脚称为路径起始点捕捉时序单元的数据输入管脚称为路径结束点对于输入端口路径,数据路径起始于输入端口。输入端口是路径的起始点对于输出端口路径,数据路径结朿语输岀端口。输岀端口是路径的结束点。目标时钟路径目标时钟路径是由目标时钟从其源点(典型的是输入端口)到捕捉时序单元的时钟管脚之间的路径。对于结束于输出端口的时序路径,就没有目标时钟路径图3-2显示了3段典型的时序路径REGAData PathREGBEndpointSource Clock PathStartpointDestination Clock PathFigure 3-2: Typical Timing PathSetup和Hold分析vⅳ ado ide分析时序并且在时序路径终点时候报告时序裕量。时序裕量是指在时序路径终点数据要求时间和抵达时间的差异。如果裕量为正,从时序的角度考虑此路径是有效的。Setup检查为了计算数据所需的 setup时间,时序引擎:1.决定源时钟和目的时钟之间的普通周期。如果没有被发现,为分析考虑多达1000个时钟周期。2.检查覆盖普通周期上的起始点和终点所有上升和下降沿。3.在任何两个有效 active沿之间的最小正差值dela。这个deta被称为 setup分析的时序路径要求Setup路径要求示例假象2个寄存器之间的一条路径,这些寄存器由其相应时钟上升沿触发。这条路径有效的时钟沿只有上升沿。时钟定义如下:.clko周期6nsck1周期4nsCommon periodclko launch edgesSetup(1)Setup(2)clk1 capture edgesOns 2ns 4nss 8n5 10ns 12nsFigure 3-3: Setup Path Requirement Example图33显示有2个单独的源和目的时钟沿有资格受到 setup分析: setup(1和 setup(2):源时钟发送沿时间:0ns+1*T(ck0)=6ns目的时钟抓取沿时间:0ns+2*(ck1)=8nsSetup Path Requirement=抓取沿时间-发送沿时间=2ns在计算路径要求时候,需要考虑2个重要的点:1.时钟沿是理想的,那就是说,时钟树插入延迟不在考虑之内2.默认时钟在0时间点是 phase-aligned,除非他们的波形定义引进了 phase-shit。异步时钟相位关系未知。时序引擎在分析其间路径时候会考虑默认值。关于异步时钟的更多内容看下部分Setup分析数据要求时间Setup分析数据要求时间是指为了让目的单元能安全的采样数据,数据必须在这个时间点之前稳定。这个值基于:目的时钟采样沿时间.目地时钟延时源时钟和目的时钟的不确定性目的单元 setup时间Setup分析的数据抵达时间Setup分析的数据抵达时间,是指由源时钟发送的数据在路径终点的稳定时候所需要的时间。它的值基于:源时钟发送沿时间源时钟延时数据路径延时数据路径延时包括所有从起点到终点的单元(cel)和线(ne延时。在时序报告中, Vivado将 setup时序考虑为数据路径的一部分。相应的,数据到达和要求时间的公式为:Data Required Time (setup)= destination clock capture edge time+destination clock path delayclock uncertaintyData Arrival Time(setup)= source clock launch edge timesource clock path delay+ datapath delaysetup timeSetup裕量是指要求时间和实际抵达时间的差值:Slack (setup)= Data Required Time -Data Arrival Time在输入数据引脚寄存器上 Setup裕量为负值,说明寄存器有可能锁存到未知的值跳转到错误状态Hod检查Hod裕量的计算与 setup裕量计算直接相关。当 setup分析证明了在最悲观的情况下数据可以被安全捕捉,hold分析确保了:同样的数据不可能被前面目地时钟沿错误的抓取下一个源时钟沿发送的数据不能被用来分析 setup的目的数据沿抓取因此,为了找到hold分析的时序路径,时序引擎考虑了所有为 setup分析的源和目的时钟沿结合的可能。对每一种可能的组合,时序引擎:检查发送沿和减去一个目的时钟周期的抓取沿之间的差值.检查了加上一个源时钟周期的发送沿和抓取沿之间的差值.只保留时间差值最大的发送沿和抓取沿hold路径要求示例采用page33中 setup路径要求示例中的时钟。对于 setup分析那仅有2个可能的时钟沿组合:Setup Path Requirement (S1)=1*T(clk1)-0*T(clk0)= 4nsSetup Path Requirement (S2)=2*T(clk1)-1*T(clk0)=2ns那么相应的hod要求如下:For setup s1:Hold path Requirement (Hla)-(1*T(clk1)-1*T(clk1))-0*T(clko)=onsHold Path Requirement (Hlb)=1*T(clkl)-(0*T(clk0)+I*T(clko))=-2nsFor setup $2:Hold Path Requirement (H2a)=(2*T(clk1)-1*T(clk1))-1*T(clko)2nsHold path Requirement(H2b)=2*T(clk1)-(1*T(clk0)+1*T(clk0))=-4ns从上面可以看出最大的要求时间是Ons,这正好与源时钟和目的时钟第一次上升沿相吻合。Hold路径要求示例,page36显示了 setup检查沿和他们相关的hold检查。cIko launch edgesHla S1 H1b/H2a522bclk1 capture edgesOns 2ns 4ns 6ns 8ns 10ns 12nsFigure 3-4: Hold Path Requirement Example此例中,最终的hod要求时间不是来源于最紧的 setup要求。这是因为所有可能的 setup沿都会被考虑在内,是为了找到最又挑战性的hod要求。正如在 setup分析中,数据要求时间和数据抵达时间是基于以下条件计算的:源时钟发送沿时间.目的时钟抓取沿时间源和目的时钟延时时钟不确定性数据延时.目的寄存器hod时间Data Required Time (hold)= destination clock capture edge timedestination clock path delayclock uncertaintyData Arrival Time (hold)= source clock launch edge timesource clock path delaydatapath delayhold timeHod裕量是要求时间和抵达时间的差值Slack (hold)= Data Arrival Time Data Required Time正的时序裕量意味着即使在最悲观的情况下数据也不会被错误的时钟沿抓取。而负的hold裕量说明抓取的数据错误,而且寄存器可能进入不稳定状态。矫正( recovery和移除( removal分析矫正和移除时序检查与 setup和hold检查相似,区别就是它们应用于异步数据管脚例如set或者clear o对于异步复位的寄存器.矫正时间是异步 reset信号为了锁定新数据已经切换到它的无效状态之后,到下一个有效时钟沿之间的最小时间。移除时间是在异步复位信号安全切换到其无效状态之前,到第一个有效时钟沿之后的最小时间。下面的等式描述了这两种分析的sack是如何计算的Recovery check下面的等式描述了下面如何计算:Data Required Time (recovery ) =destination clock edge start time+ destination clock path delayclock uncertaintyData Arrival Time (recovery )= source clock edge start timesource clock path delaydatapath delayrecovery timeSlack (recovery)= Data Required Time Data Arrival TimeRemoval checkData Required Time (removal)= destination clock edge start timedestination clock path delayclock uncertaintyData Arrival Time (removal)= source clock edge start timesource clock path delay+ datapath delayremoval timeSlack (removal)= Data Arrival Time -Data Required Time正如 setup和hold检査,一个负的 recovery裕量和 remova裕量说明寄存器可能进入亚稳态,并且将未知的电子层带入设计中。定义时钟时钟数字设计中,时钟提供了从寄存器到寄存器之间可靠的传输数据的时间参考。 Vivado ide时序引擎用时钟特征来:计算时钟路径要求以裕量计算的方式报告设计时序裕量更多信息,参考时序分析这章为了得到最精确的最大的时序路径覆盖,时钟必须合理的定义。可以用下面的特征定义时钟:源时钟是指定义在时钟驱动引脚或者时钟树跟端口的时钟时钟沿可以由周期和波形特性的组合描述周期是ns级的,与描述的波形的时间周期相匹配.时钟波形是在时钟周期里,在数ns内时钟上升沿和下降沿绝对时间的列表列表必须包含偶数个值。第一个值一般与第一个上升沿吻合,除非另外指定,默认的时钟占空比是50%相位是ns。如图4-1所示,ck0周期10ns,占空比50%,相位0ns。Ck1周期8ns,占空比75%,相位2ns。CIkO: period 10, waveform =10 5]CIk1: period =8, waveform=2850%50%ClaOns5ns10ns15ns25%75%clkbOns 2ns8ns 10ns16nsFigure 4-1: Clock Waveforms Example传播【 propagated clock)时钟周期和波形特征体现了时钟的理想特征。当时钟进入FPGA器件并且经过时钟树传播时候,时钟沿会有延时而且会随着噪声和硬件特性而改变。这些特点被称为时钟网络延时( latency)和时钟不确定{ uncertainty)时钟不确定性包含下面内容:clock jitterphase error任何额外指定的不确定Vivado会默认的将时钟作为传播时钟,这意味着,这是非理想的时钟。这么做是为了提供包含时钟树插入延时和不确定性的裕量的值。特定硬件资源
- 2021-05-06下载
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stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部
stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件 2.0库全部stm32f10x_lib.h相关头文件
- 2021-05-07下载
- 积分：1
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Principles of Mobile Communication Third Edition
Gordon L. Stüber著，为英文原文第三版。其第二版已经翻译成中文，即为移动通信原理（第二版），由电子工业出版社出版，但翻译水平很差。Gordon L. StuberPrinciples of mobileCommunicationThird edition② SpringerGordon L. StuberGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta gaUSAstuber @ece gatech. eduISBN978-1-4614-0363-0e-ISBN978-1-46140364-7DOI10.1007/978-1-46140364-7Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg londonLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2011934683C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2002, 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher(Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer softwareor by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbiddenThe use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subjectto proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)To Alana, our son nickolasmy father lothar Stuiberand my late mother Beatrice stiiberPrefacePrinciples of Mobile Communication, third edition, is a major revision of thesecond edition. Like its earlier editions, this book provides a mathematicallyrigorous overview of physical layer wireless communications. The basic pedagogicmethodology is to include fully detailed derivations from first principles. The text isintended to provide enough principle material to guide the novice student, whilit the same time having plenty of detailed material to satisfy graduate studentsinclined to pursue research in the area. The book is intended to stress the principlesof wireless communications that are applicable to a wide array of wireless standardsIt is intended to serve as a textbook and reference for graduate students, and a usefulreference for practicing engineersOrganization of the bookChapter 1 begins with an overview that is intended to introduce a broad array ofissues relating to wireless communications. Included is a brief description of theevolution of various wireless standards, the basic concepts of cellular frequencyreuse, the land mobile radio propagation environment, link budgets, and coverageand capacity of cellular radio systemsChapter 2 provides an extensive treatment of radio propagation, since goodunderstanding of the physical wireless channel is essential for the developmentand deployment of wireless systems. The chapter begins with a treatment ofthe narrow-band faded envelope for conventional fixed-to-mobile channels foundin cellular radio systems, mobile-to-mobile channels found in mobile ad henetworks, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels where multipleantennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high capacity afterconsidering the narrow-band channel, we consider the statistical treatment of wide-band channels. The emulation of wireless channels is essential for the developmentand testing of wireless systems, and the chapter provides a detailed discussion ofchannel simulation techniques. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion ofshadowing and path loss models for land mobile radio environmentsPreraceChapter 3 provides a detailed treatment of co-channel interference which is therimary impairment in spectrally efficient cellular frequency reuse systems. Veryoften the receivers in such systems are affected by multiple co-channel interferersand the probability distribution of the total interfering power is considered. Thchapter also considers the link outage performance due to co-channel interferencein a variety of wireless environmentsChapter 4 covers the various types of modulation schemes that are used in mobilecommunication systems along with their spectral characteristics. The chapter beginswith the mathematical representation of bandpass modulated signals, along withNyquist pulse shaping. Later, a large variety of modulation schemes used in wirelesssystems are considered, including both single-carrier and multi-carrier modulation,and both linear and nonlinear modulation techniques This is followed by a treatmentof the power density spectrum of modulated signals. Although quite mathematicalin nature, power spectrum is an important topic, since wireless systems are requiredto operate within a specified out-of-band emission maskChapter 5 discusses the error probability performance of various digital modulation schemes on narrow-band fat fading channels. The performance is evaluatedwith a variety of receiver structures, including coherent detectors, differentialcoherent detectors and noncoherent detectorsChapter 6 includes a treatment of multi-antenna techniques for combatingenvelope fading. The chapter includes a discussion of various diversity combiningtechniques for coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent receiver detectionof signals on fading channels with additive white gaussian noise. also consideredis optimal combining which is effective when the primary additive impairment isco-channel interference rather than noise. Finally, the chapter considers the use ofmultiple antennas at the transmitter in the context of classical beam-forming andtransmit diversityChapter 7 provides an extensive treatment of digital signaling on intersymbolinterference(ISI) channels that are typical of broadband land mobile radio systemsThe chapter begins with the characterization of Isi channels and goes on todiscuss techniques for combating ISI based on symbol-by-symbol equalization andsequence estimation. Later, error probability for maximum likelihood sequenceestimation is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of co-channeldemodulation for the purpose of mitigating co-channel interference on Isi channelsChapter 8 covers error control coding techniques for wireless systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of basic block coding including space-time blockcodes Convolutional coding is considered next along with the Viterbi and BCJRalgorithms for decoding convolutional codes, followed by trellis coded modulationThe chapter then provides a detailed discussion on the design and performanceanalysis of convolutional and trellis codes for awgn channels, and interleaved fatfading channels, and fading isi channels. Later, space-time trellis codes are treatedand the chapter concludes with Turbo codinChapter 9 is devoted to spread spectrum techniques The chapter begins with anintroduction to direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum. This is followedy a detailed treatment of spreading sequences. Also included is a discussionPrefaceof the effects of tone interference on direct sequence spread spectrum, and theRAKE receiver performance on wide-band channels. The chapter wraps up witha discussion of cdma multiuser detectionChapter 10 is devoted to multi-carrier techniques. It considers the performanceof ofdm on frequency-selective channels and considers the effect of residualISI and problem of residual ISI cancellation. Later, the chapter examines singlecarrier frequency-domain equalization(SC-FDE)techniques. This is followed by atreatment of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)on both theforward and reverse links. The chapter concludes with a discussion of single-carrierfrequency division multiple acceSs (SC-FDMA)Chapter 11 considers frequency planning techniques for cellular systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of cell sectoring, cell splitting, and reuse partition-ing. Later, the chapter considers radio planning for OFDMa cellular systems. Thisis followed by hierarchical overlay/underlay architectures based on cluster planningFinally, the chapter wraps up with macrodiversity TDMA cellular architecturesChapter 12 considers CDMa considers CDMA cellular systems, consideringtopics such as capacity and power control This is followed by a discussion ofhierarchical macrodiversity CDMa architectures and their performanceChapter 13 is devoted to cellular radio resource management. The chapter beginswith an introduction to basic hard and soft handoff. Later, the chapter considers theimportant problem of link quality evaluation, including signal strength averaging,velocity estimation, and velocity adaptive hard handoff algorithms later, a detailedanalysis of hard and soft handoff is provided. Finally, the chapter wraps up withmethods for estimating received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio(CINR)The Appendix includes a brief and focused tutorial discussion of probabilityand random processes. A good understanding of the material in the Appendix isessential, since the concepts are widely used throughout the textUSing This Book for InstructionThe book has been developed from a graduate-level course on physical wirelesscommunications that I have taught at Georgia Tech since 1993. Normally, I prefera graduate-level course in digital communications as a prerequisite for this courseHowever, such a prerequisite may be waived to the extent that there is extensivebackground material in each chapter. A course may cover the introductory materialin each chapter and skip the more specialized material. In my own classes, I alwaystry to judge the mathematical level of the students early and adapt accordinglyThe book obviously contains far too much material to be taught in a onesemester course. However, i believe that it can serve as a suitable text in mostsituations through the appropriate instructor selection of background sections. Myown preference for a one semester course is to include the following material inorder: Chap. 1, Chap 2(skipping the more advanced material), and the first twosections of Chap 3. In moving to modulation waveforms in Chap. 4, an instructormay have to treat/assume basic signal-space representation. However, most students
- 2020-12-09下载
- 积分：1
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Kriging插值·最近邻值点插值·距离反比例插值插值Matlab算法实现
Kriging插值最近邻值点插值距离反比例插值插值
- 2020-11-29下载
- 积分：1
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matlab同步发电机励磁控制系统的仿真研究
matlab同步发电机励磁控制系统的仿真研究，借助此平台对sIMUL水K模型操作，可以方便地实现对参数的设置与修改、模型的查看和修正、仿真的显示及相关的辅助操作
- 2020-12-06下载
- 积分：1
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计算机网络小型校园网的设计与组建实验设计及报告
计算机网络小型校园网的设计与组建实验设计及报告
- 2021-05-06下载
- 积分：1
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基于FPGA生成AM调幅波
代码是基于FPGA生成AM调幅波，直接可以使用的。
- 2021-05-06下载
- 积分：1
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433M发射接收模块资料
与某宝多数模块兼容，使用指南，驱动指南。用于半双工无线通信。
- 2020-11-29下载
- 积分：1
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