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ABAQUS 子程序断裂模型

于 2021-05-06 发布

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abaqus fortran 子程序断裂模拟相关还有inp模型文件

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Rohde&Schwarz 频谱仪操作手册（英文） 1145.5850系列全英文，详细的操作方式，各类使用技巧R&S FSHContentsContentsSpecificationsSafety InstructionsCertificate of qualitEC-Certificate of conformitySupport Center AddressList of R&S RepresentativesPutting into OperationFront view1.1Putting into Operation1.2Unpacking the Instrument1.2Setting up the InstrumentSwitching on the Spectrum Analyzer1.4Spectrum Analyzer Connectors1.5Screen SettingsQCountry-Specific Settings1.10Setting the Date and TimeSetting the date.1.11Setting the time1.1Charging the Battery......1.12Selecting the Instrument Default Setup1.13External Reference /External Trigger Switchover1.14Controlling the rF Attenuator1.15Using a Preamplifier…1.15PIN Entr1.17Connecting Printers.1.19Setting the Baud rate for Remote Control1.21Enabling Options1.21Checking the Installed options1.221145.5973.12E-15ContentsR&S FSH2 Getting Started2.Measurements on cw signals2.1Level measurement2Setting the Reference Level量‘面2.2Frequency Measurements2.3Harmonic Measurements of a sinewave Signal面面2.4Power Measurements Using the Power Sensor2.5Power and return loss measurements with the r&s FsH-z14 or the r&s FSH-Z444427Two-Port Transmission measurements2.9Measurement of return loss2.11Performing Distance-To-Fault Measurements...2.14Operation in Receiver Mode2.20Measuring the carrier-to-Noise power ratio2.Determining the Reference2.26Sts…2.26Selecting the reference channel2.27Entering the channel bandwidth of the reference channel2.27Selecting the unit for the reference...2.27Manually entering the reference2.27Automatic level adjustment2.27Measuring the Noise Power and Calculating Carrier Power /Noise Power.........2.28Selecting the result display2.28Frequency setting of the noise channel..2.28Setting the noise channel measurement bandwidth2.29Setting the C/N channel bandwidth2.29Automatic level adjustment2.29Correcting the displayed average noise level2.30Hiding the result display2.30Saving and Recalling Settings and Test Results2.31Saving Measurement Results2.31Saving Calibration Data2.32Recalling measurement results2.33Printing Out Measurement Results……2.341145.5973.122E-15R&S FSHContents3 Operation3.Screen LayoutScreen layout for spectrum-mode measurements without markers3.1Screen layout when the marker mode is selected3.2Entering Measurement ParametersEntering values and texts3.3Entering units3.4Menu overview.3.5Frequency entryFrequency span...Level setting…3.5Bandwidth settingTrace setting3.6Measurement functions3.7Marke3.10Save and print menu3.12Instrument setup3.12Status display3.12Menus in the Receiver Mode(option R&S FSH-K3)3.13Menu for 3GPP BTS Code domain Power Measurement (Option R&S FSH-K4)3.16Menu for Vector Voltmeter(Option R&S FSH-K2)3.161145.5973.12E-15ContentsR&S FSH4 Instrument functions4Instrument Default Setup4.1Status Display..................4.1Setting the Frequency4.2Entering the center frequency..4.2Setting a frequency offset4.2Entering the center-frequency step size4.3Entering the start and stop frequency4.4Working with channel tablesSetting the Span1面4.6Setting the Amplitude Parameters4.7Setting the reference levelEntering the display range94.9Entering the display unit4.9Entering the reference offset4.10Entering the input impedance.…………4.10Setting the Bandwidths4.11Resolution bandwidth4.11Video bandwidth4.13Setting the Sweep4.14Sweep time.4.15Sweep mode.4.15Trigger4.16Trace Settings4.19Trace mode∴4.19Detector4.20Trace memory…4.22Trace mathematics4.23Using the Markers4.24Automatic marker positioning .......4.25Using more than one marker at a time(multimarker mode).........,4.27Marker functions4.30Measuring the noise power density4.30Measuring the frequency4.31Measuring the filter bandwidth or the signal bandwidth4.32aF demodulation4.331145.5973.12E-15R&S FSHContentsUsing the dis play line…….….….….….….….….….…..….….……….…..34Setting and Using the Measurement Functions4.35Measuring the channel power of continuously modulated signals………………4.35Selecting the standard4.36Setting the reference level4.38Setting the channel bandwidth4.38Changing the spaPower displaPower measurements on TDMA signals4.42Selecting a standard∴4.42Setting the measurement time4.44Optimizing the reference level ..4.44Power readout4.45Setting the trigger4.45Measuring the occupied bandwidth4.46Selecting a standard4.47Setting the reference level4.48Setting the channel bandwidth4.49Entering the power percent to determine the occupied bandwidth4.50Displaying thupied bandwidth4.50Changing the spai1145.5973.12E-15ContentsR&S FSHMeasuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio.......4.52Determining the reference4.53Setting the reference channel4.53Setting the reference channel bandwidth……4.53Setting the analyzer reference level for the reference channel measurement4.54Manual reference mode4.54Inserting the c/N referenceUnits of the c/n reference4.55StandardsUSER Standard4.56User-specific standards4.56Predefined user-specific standards4.59Predefined user-specific standard Digital TX4.59Predefined user-specific standard ANalog tv mode4.60Predefined user-specific standard ctx4.60Measuring the noise channel power and calculating the carrier power/noise power.4.62Frequency setting of the noise channel………4.63Setting the noise channel bandwidth4.64Setting the C/N ratio channel bandwidth4.64Setting the reference level during noise channel measurement.4.65Selecting the c/ N result display..…,…4.65C/N measurement result display4.66Changing the span4.66Correction of inherent noise power4.67Using the R&S FSH in receiver mode4.68Setting the frequencySetting the reference level,,,。.。4.71Setting the bandwidth4.72Setting the detector4.73Setting the measurement time4.73Measurement on multiple frequencies or channels(scan)4.74Measurements using the power sensor4.76Connecting the power sensor……4.76Zeroing the power sensor.4.78Selecting the unit for the power readout4.79Setting the averaging time.……4.80Taking additional loss or gain into account4.81Measuring forward and reflected power∴4.82Zeroing the power sensor4.84Setting the power measurement weighting4.85Selecting the unit for the power readout4.86Taking additional attenuation into account4.881145.5973.126E-15R&S FSHContentsTwo-port measurements with the tracking generator489Measuring the transmission of two-ports4.91Vector transmission measurement494Measuring the transmission magnitude........4.96Measuring the transmission phase4.96Measuring the electrical length when measuring transmission面B国4.99Measuring the group delay when measuring transmission4.100Transmission measurement using the connected VSWR Bridge R&S FSH-Z3.. 4.102Sppectrum measurements with the VsWR Bridge R&s FSH-Z3 or R&S FSH-Z2connectedSetting for detecting the R&S FSH-Z3 in the transm. and spectr. measurement .. 4.104Supplying DC voltage to active DUTs4.105Reflection measurements4.105Scalar measurement of reflection4.106Vector measurement of reflection4.108Measuring the reflection magnitude4.111Measuring the reflection phase.……4.111Measuring the electrical length when measuring reflection4.112Displaying the reflection in the Smith chart4.113Measuring the group delay when measuring reflection4.118Selecting the calibration standards4.120Spectrum measurements with the vswr Bridge r&s FSH-Z3 or R&S FSH-z2connected4.121Settings for detection of the R&SFSH-z2andR&SFSH-Z3………4.122One-Port measurement of cable loss4.123Vector voltmeter.4.124Reflection measurements(S11)4.125Measuring transmission coefficients(S21)4.128Cable measurements4.134Cable selection∴4.135Selecting the frequency range…4.138Calibrating the test setupa.::::::.“14.139Locating cable faults by means of the marker function4.142Measuring spectrum and reflection4.145Further information∴4.146Setting the span4.146Selecting the center frequency.........∴4.147Measurement4.148Length measurement accuracy4.148Using limit Lines∴4.149Measurements with limit lines国面面4.151Definition range of limit lines4.152Data sets containing limit lines...4.1521145.5973.127ContentsR&S FSHMeasuring with Transducer 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提供了kf，ekf，ukf的详细推导过程，从标量推导开始，进而转入矢量推导，非常详细卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第一步、时间更新29第二步、测量更新“““““““+““44““““42924特殊情况.30第一种情况、先验误差极小...-.----130第二种情况、先验误差极大.30第三种情况、测量噪声极大.…31第三章、标量EKF画,通通画4“““““+44=“++“““++4“4“+“4“““-“++323.1非线性状态模型.323.2模型线性化33.2.1过程噪声项的线性化.333.2.2测量噪声项的线性化...11-343.2.3过程和测量噪声项同时线性化…35324过程的线性化…0353.25测量的线性化…363.3EKF滤波器…1373.31应用卡尔曼滤波器.3733,2计算先验均方差373.33计算后验均方差373.3.4计算k值4a“44444“;4444454a44“44444=424444441“如44444;44444“44.45“#4444444a444444443833.5k值为最优时的后验均方差3834算法39第一步、时间更新………9第二步、测量更新393.5EKF的缺陷44“==++++4=++44日+“44=“““+440第四章、矢量EKF4141非线性矢量状态模型4142矢量模型线性化单“““·***“““***“““““***“““***4““-***4““*“→“““*→*-““““““*“““*+4““→*“·““·““““*4242.1矢量泛函的泰勒展开42.2过程噪声项的线性化424.2.3测量噪声项的线性化.→“““#+4+“44“““-4+44→“““4“4+-““+43424过程和测量噪声项同时线性化4442.5过程的线性化4“““4““*“4““*→““*+“4“““““““*4“““4“““++4““44“““4“44““““七426测量的线性化“““““·+““““*““““+“““““““+4“““““““+4“““→·“““+“4543矢量EKF滤波器面面面面46画面和面面,43.1应用矢量卡尔曼滤波器44““++“44“““*44“““++444““4+444“+“44““““+444643.2计算先验均方差4643.3计算后验均方差4““+44““““44““““+→4““““+4““““4“44““““.47434计算k值47435k值为最优时的后验均方差4845算法“““+““““*“““““+…““““*“+44““48第一步、时间更新.…49第3页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第二步、测量更新““4--““44-4494.4特殊情况.““““4444“画画新通画通49第一种情况、先验误差极小.画画,画画画园画画,画画画面请通.50第二种情况、先验误差极大….----50第三种情况、测量噪声极大44“““+44““=++“44“““+444““4+“44““44+50第五章、标量无迹变换UT5251无迹变换的任务5252真值“““““++“++4“4“““+4“++4“““““+““+“““““525.3无迹测试点1101453.1标量的无迹测试点………154532无迹权重系数翻国口道55533统计性质公式…5554测试点的无迹变换.565.4.1从测试点得到后验期待值.画画通通画画山通画画新56542从测试点得到后验方差“““+4“++“4“++““平““上“““4““平中“+““““平“4+“=575.5讨论品aB444a日日+44日4日日“4日a4日+a日本“日日日和本上日和4日““458第六章矢量无迹变换UT4“““4“44“““4++44“““4+““4+2+“++“4“++4=“++“““2++““““++““4+““““++5961矢量微分回顾5961.1计算真值会用到的恒等式1962矢量无迹变换的任务中本““丰二“中““6063真值6163无迹测试点63.1矢量的无迹测试点画面通自品面画画面自自通国画日画面国通画日通山国国画山山面通画山山丽右日日画画画画画山63632无迹权重系数64633UT变换下的对称性64测试点的无迹变换6564.1几个恒等式…65642从测试点得到后验期待值.…---1----66642从测试点得到后验协方差.6765讨论68第七章、无迹滤波器UKF11116971高维非线性问题.069711标量特例画画画画画画新画画画画画画““*#“““““44“…4“““““4““+““→““““44““47072无迹滤波器面,面面面面面面面“面画70721无迹测试点““*4“““““44““+44““““*44“““++444“““4““+“44“““““722无迹权重系数通画画通画画通通画画通山请画画画画画画出画请画画副。723先验估计画画·画‘画4““+44““““44““““+→4““““+““““+“444““““+472724应用卡尔曼滤波器737.2.5计算后验均方差…737.2.6计算k值…444““+44“““*447473算法75第4页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第零步、初始化..-75第一步、时间更新175第二步、测量更新画画,画画画园画画,画画画面请通176第5页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第一章、标量线性系统实际工作中的线性系统很少有标量的,但是标量的卡尔曼滤波器的理论推导比较直观、易于理解,因此作为学习的切入点比较合适首先必须清楚地陈述卡尔曼滤波器要解决的问题。1.1卡尔曼问题在离散时间中,一个标量线性系统的状态演化常常可以表述为下面的随机差分方程式:x=ax,+bu其中t为时间。x,是一个标量随机变量,代表t时刻系统的内禀状态。a和b为常标量。u,为t-1时刻的输入,也是一个标量。111信号流程图上面的(1)式也可以用下面的信号流程图表示u-1)X()Ibax(t-1)直线表示信号的传送,箭头代表传送的方向。流程图中的图标有三种,第一种方框图标代表时间延迟,见下图x(t)TX(t-1)第二种方框图标代表乘法(增益),见下图第6页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著aax第三种圆形图标代表加法(混合),见下图a-b+CbG这些图标可以按照有意义的方式组合起来,描述一个差分方程。必须指出,这些图标并不局限于标量情形,而且适用于矢量情形,譬如x为一个矢量,而a和b可以为矩阵。112加入白噪声假设在这个线性过程中有一个噪声项v鬟x2=ax21+bu-1+W1-1则此方程式可以用下面的信号流程图表示w(t=1)u(-1)中+baX(-1)假定这个噪声ν是一个高斯白噪声,它满足3N(9),(Q20)〈ww)=0(≠)3在本文采用物理学中常用的记号,(x)=E(x)表示x的期待值第7页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著此外假定w与u.没有关联,也即113加入可测量假设系统的状态量x是不可以直接测量的。可以测量的是另外一个量z,称为可测量。可测量z依赖于系统的状态量x和一个激励倍数h,见下式。hx. +v(5)在实际工作中h可能会随着时间而变化,但在这里假定为常数,为常标量。此时流程图如下。wt-1)u(t-1)+b±2(ax(t-1)测量过程本身带有一个噪声ν,影响了测量的准确度。同样我们假定ν是一个白噪声(,R)(R≥0)(")≥=0(s≠)此外假定ν与w和u都没有关联,也即()=v)=0(s1)114卡尔曼问题陈述现在要考虑的是如何从可观测量z;的观测数据中得出x的最优估计值,把噪声w和v尽最大可能过滤出去,把它们的影响减到最小。这就是卡尔曼滤波器要解决的问题。1.2标量卡尔曼滤波器卡尔曼对这个问题的解答就是卡尔曼滤波器。下面的流程图可以分成上下两个部分:上半部分就是问题本身,下半部分就是卡尔曼滤波器。第8页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著u(-1)X()bh+(aX(t-1)bb(()2()+ak文-b)+Residual在图中,z1代表实际测量值,x代表过程的真值。此外在卡尔曼滤波器的流程图中出现了几种新的符号,分别是x代表先验估计( A priori estimate),和E代表后验估计(A posteriori estimate)4.对一个随机变量当前值的先验估计是根据前一个时刻以及更早的历史观测信息所作出的估计:后验估计是根据当前时刻以及更早的历史观测信息所作出的估计。x1的先验估计是由上一个时间点的后验估计值和输入信息给出的,x,=ax+ bur-p卡尔曼使用x的先验估计给出可测量E的(先验估计)预测5,而z,的实际测得值与预测值之间的差称为滤波过程的革新( nnovation)或者残余( Residua,即Residual=(10)本文采取通用的符号,以表示对某变量y在t时刻的后验估计,而表示对y的先验估计。在某些文献中y又记作y(|t-1),又记作y(t|t)5对于z,而言后验估计没有意义。z,是可观测量,在后验时刻已经有实际观测值了。第9页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著残余反映了预测值和实际值之间的差别。残余为零的话,估计值和实际值完全吻合。如果残余很小,表明估计值很好,反之就不好。卡尔曼滤波器可以利用残余的这一信息改善对x,的估计,给出后验估计。也就是x=x:+k(Residual)=*+k(z,-hR-其中的k称作卡尔曼增益或卡尔曼混合系数( Blending factor)现在剩下的问题就是如何找到k的值,使得估计为最优。为此需要定义先验均方差和后验均方差。121最优的k值先验误差和后验误差分别定义为(12)它们的方差就是先验均方差和后验均方差P≡varP, =vale(13)最优的k值是使后验均方差为最小的值,就是下式成立时的k值(14)ak122计算先验均方差先验均方差为≡war(15)因为(2)式及(8)试式x,=ax_+ bu+we=ax+bu可得e:=x-x=ax+bu +w_)-(ax +bur=a(xx_1)+W因此第10页(共77页)

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