Verilog-IEEE Std 1364 -2005 IEEE Standard
Verilog的IEEE标准，比较新的一个吧应该是IEEE Std 1364 TM-2005(Revision of IEEE Std 1364-2001)lEE Standard for VerilogHardware Description LanguageSponsorDesign Automation Standards Committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyAbstract: The Verilog hardware description language(HDL) is defined in this standard. VerilogHDL is a formal notation intended for use in all phases of the creation of electronic systems. Because it is both machine-readable and human-readable, it supports the development, verificationsynthesis, and testing of hardware designs; the communication of hardware design data; and themaintenance, modification, and procurement of hardware. The primary audiences for this standardare the implementors of tools supporting the language and advanced users of the languageKeywords: computer, computer languages, digital systems, electronic systems, hardware, hardware description languages, hardware design, HDL, PLI, programming language interface, Verilog,Verilog HDL, verilog PllThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc3 Park Avenue. New york. NY 10016-5997 USACopyright@ 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncAll rights reserved Published 7 April 2006. Printed in the United states of AmericaIEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, IncorporatedVerilog is a registered trademark of Cadence Design Systems, IncPrint:|sBN0-738148504SH95395PDFSBN0-7381-48512SS95395No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEee Societies and the Standards CoordinatingCommittees of the iEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA)Standards board The ieee develops its standardsthrough a consensus development process, approved by the american National Standards Institute, which bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are notnecessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the ieee administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the ieee does not independentlyevaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The ieee disclaims liability for any personal injury, property orother damage of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly orindirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other iEEE Standard documentThe ieee does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expresslydisclaims any express or implied warranTy, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. 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Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of texttogether with appropriate supporting comments Comments on standards and requests for interpretations shouldaddressed toIEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes lanePiscataway, NJ 08854USANoTE-Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEf shall not be responsible foridentifying patents for which a license may be required by an ieee standard or for conducting inquiries into thelegal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright ClearanceCenter. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA; +19787508400. Permission to photocopy portions of any indi-idual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance CenterIntroductionThis introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1364-2005, IEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description LanguageThe Verilog hardware description language(HDL) became an IEEE standard in 1995 as IEEE Std 13641995. It was designed to be simple, intuitive, and effective at multiple levels of abstraction in a standardtextual format for a variety of design tools, including verification simulation, timing analysis, test analysisand synthesis. It is because of these rich features that verilog has been accepted to be the language of choiceby an overwhelming number of integrated circuit(IC)designersVerilog contains a rich set of built-in primitives, including logic gates, user-definable primitives, switches,and wired logic. It also has device pin-to-pin delays and timing checks. The mixing of abstract levels isessentially provided by the semantics of two data types: nets and variables. Continuous assignments, inwhich expressions of both variables and nets can continuously drive values onto nets, provide the basicstructural construct. Procedural assignments, in which the results of calculations involving variable and netvalues can be stored into variables, provide the basic behavioral construct. a design consists of a set of modules, each of which has an input/output(1/O)interface, and a description of its function, which can be structural, behavioral, or a mix. These modules are formed into a hierarchy and are interconnected with netsThe Verilog language is extensible via the programming language interface(PLI)and the verilog procedural interface(VPi) routines. The Pli/vPi is a collection of routines that allows foreign functions to accessinformation contained in a Verilog hdl description of the design and facilitates dynamic interaction withsimulation. Applications of PLI/VPI include connecting to a Verilog HDL simulator with other simulationand computer-assisted design(CAD)systems, customized debugging TaskS, delay calculators, andannotatorsThe language that influenced Verilog HDL the most was HILO-2, which was developed at Brunel University in England under a contract to produce a test generation system for the British Ministry of DefensehiLO-2 successfully combined the gate and register transfer levels of abstraction and supported verificationsimulation, timing analysis, fault simulation, and test generationIn 1990, Cadence Design Systems placed the Verilog HDL into the public domain and the independentOpen Verilog International(oVi)was formed to manage and promote Verilog HDL. In 1992, the Board ofDirectors of ovi began an effort to establish Verilog hdl as an ieeE standard. In 1993, the first IEeEworking group was formed; and after 18 months of focused efforts, Verilog became an IEEE standard asIEEE Std 1364-1995After the standardization process was complete, the IEEe P1364 Working Group started looking for feedback from IEEE 1364 users worldwide so the standard could be enhanced and modified accordingly. Thisled to a five-year effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001With the completion of IEEE Std 1364-2001, work continued in the larger Verilog community to identifyoutstanding issues with the language as well as ideas for possible enhancements. As Accellera began work-ing on standardizing System Verilog in 2001, additional issues were identified that could possibly have led toincompatibilities between Verilog 1364 and System Verilog. The IEEE P1364 Working group was established as a subcomittee of the System Verilog P1800 Working Group to help ensure consistent resolution ofsuch issues. The result of this collaborative work is this standard ieee Std 1364-2005Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedNotice to usersErrataErrata,ifanyforthisandallotherstandardscanbeaccessedatthefollowingurL:http:/stan-dards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errataperiodicaInterpretationsCurrentinterpretationscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http:/standards.ieeeorg/reading/ieee/interp/Index. htmlPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEee shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the ieee P1364 Working group had the following membershipJohny Srouji, IBM, IEEE SyStem verilog Working Group chairTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics Corporation, ChairNeil Korpusik, Sun Microsystems, Inc, Co-chairStuart sutherland sutherland hdl inc. editorShalom Bresticker, Intel Corporation, Editor through February 2005The Errata Task Force had the following membershipKaren pynopsys,rKurt baty. WFSDB ConsultinDennis marsa. XilinxStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationMike McNamara, Verisity, LtdDennis Brophy, Mentor Graphics CorporationDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncAnders nordstrom, Cadence Design Systems, IncCharles dawson, Cadence Design Systems, IncKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorpoBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncRonald goodstein, first shot Logic simulation andSteven Sharp Cadence Design Systems, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USA IncDesignStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL IncMark Hartog, Synopsys incGordon Vreugdenhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationJames Markevitch, Evergreen Technology GroupJason Woolf, Cadence design Systems, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedThe behavioral Task Force had the following membership:Steven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, InC, ChairKurt Baty, WFSDB ConsultingJay lawrence. Cadence design Systems. IncStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationKathryn McKinley, Cadence Design Systems, IncDennis brophy, Mentor graphics corporationMichael mcnamara. Verisity LtdCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncMehdi Mohtashemi, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorporationKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncRonald Goodstein, First Shot Logic Simulation andBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncDesignDave Rich, Mentor Graphics CorporationKeith Gover, Mentor Graphics CorporationSteven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, IncMark Hartoog, Synopsys, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USAEnnis Hawk, Jeda TechnologiesStuart Sutherland. Sutherland hdl. IncAtsushi kasuya, Jcda TechnologicsGordon Vrcugdcnhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationThe PLI Task Force had the following membershipCharles Dawson, Cadence Design Systems, Inc, ChairGhassan Khoory, Synopsys, Inc Co-chairTapati Basu, Synopsys, IncMichael rohleder. Freescale Semiconductor. IncSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncRob Slater, Freescale Semiconductor IncRalph duncan, Mentor Graphics CorporationJohn Stickley, Mentor Graphics CorporationJim garnett, Mentor Graphics CorporationStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL. incJoao geada CLK Design AutomationBassam Tabbara. Novas software. IncAndrzej litwiniuk, Synopsys, IncJim Vellenga, Cadence Design Systems, IncFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncDoug Warmke, Mentor Graphics CorporationSachchidananda Patel, Synopsys, IncIn addition, the working group wishes to recognize the substantial efforts of past contributorsMichael McNamara, Cadence Design Systems, Inc1364 Working Group past chair(through September 2004)Alec Stanculescu, Fintronic USA, 1304 Working Group past vice-chair(through June 2004)Stefen Boyd, Boyd Technology, ETF past co-chair(through November 2004)The following members of the entity balloting commitlee voted on this standard. Balloters may have votedfor approval, disapproval, or abstentionAccelleraIntel CorporationBluespec, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationCadence Dcsign Systcms, IncSun microsystems, IncIntronic u.s.aSunburst design, IncIBMSutherland hdl lncInfineon TechnologiesSynopsys, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 November 2005, it had the followingmembershipSteve M. mills. chairRichard h. hulett vice chairDon wright Past chairJudith gorman. secretaryMark d. bowmanWilliam B HopfT W. olsenDennis B. BrophyLowell G. JohnsonGlenn parsonsJoseph brudeHerman KochRonald c. petersenRichard coxJoseph L. Koepfinger*Gary s. RobinsonBob davisDavid J lawFrank stoneJulian forster kDaleep c mohlaMalcolm v thadenJoanna n. gueninPaul nikolichRichard l. townsendS. HalpJoe d. watseRaymond hapemanHoward L, wolfmanAlso included are the following nonvoting Ieee-Sa Standards board liaisonsSatish K. aval, NRC RepresentativeRichard Deblasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichelle d, trIEEE Standards Project EditoCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedContentsOverview1. 2 Conventions used in this standard1.3SIption1 4 Use of color in this standard1.5 Contents of this standard1.6 Deprecated clauses……….….….….…1.7 Header file listings....18 Examples…………………1.9PNormative references63. Lexical conventions83.1 Lexical tokens3.2 White space3. 3 Comments中··…·········:···············中·····“:·:·:·4·····“··········3. 4 Operators3. 5 Numberssteger constants3.5.2 Real constants123.5.3 Conversion123.6 Strings123.6. 1 String variable declaration133.6.2 String manipulation133.6.3 Special cha3.7 Identifiers. keds, and syste143.7.1 Escaped identifiers143.7.2 Keywords153.7.3 System tasks and functions3.7.4 Compiler directives153.8 Attrib163.8.1 Examples3.8.2 SyIata typ··4.1 Val214.2 Nets and variables4.2.1 Net declarations4.2.2 Variable declarations4.3V4.3.1g v244.3.2 Veclor net accessibility44.4 Strengths4.4.1 Charge strength4.4.2 Drive strength.....卓········中····“·········:·····················:········254.5 Implicit declarations4.6 Net types………264.6.1 Wire and tri nets264.6.2 Wired nets4.6.3TCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved4.6.4 Trio and tri l nets4.6.5 Unresolved nets4.6.6 Supply nets324.7 Regs324.8 Integers, reals, times, and realtime4.8.1 Operators and real numbers4.8.2 Conversion4.9 Arrays4.9.1Net arrays…·中·····:··344.9.2 reg and variable arrays344.9.3 Memories4.10 Parameters…………………354.10.1 Module parameters…364.10.2 Local parameters(localparam““374.10.3 Specify parameters……384. Name spaces…39Expressions……5.1 Operators41Operators with real operands425.1.2 Operator precedence………5.1.3 Using integer numbers in expressions…….445.1.4 Expression evaluation order……2451. 5 Arithmetic operators5.1.6 Arithmetic expressions with regs and integers5. 1.7 Relational operators485.1.8Equ495.1.9 Logical operators…495.1.10 bitw isators505.1.11 Reduction operators5.112 Shift operators…….535. 1. 13 Conditional operator535.1. 14 Concatenations545.2 Operands………5.2. 1 Vector bit-Select and part-select addressing..565.2.2 Array and memory addressing.......,.……5.2.3ings585.3 Minimum, typical, and maximum delay expressions5.4 Expression bit lengths5.4.1 Rules for expression bit lengths65.4.2 Examole of expression bit-length problerpl635.4.3 Example of self-determined expressions.645.5 Signed expressions5.5.1 Rules for expression types.....5.5.2 Steps for evaluating5.5.3 Steps for evaluating an assignment5.54 Handling X and Z in signed expressions………5.6 Assignments and truncation6. Assignments……………686.1 Continuous assignments686. 1. 1 The net declaration assignment6.1.2 The continuous assignment statement·····中···:·:·4·中·····6.1.371Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved
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这是一本非常好的遥感基本知识的书，对于初入遥感领域的学者有一定的指导性帮助(京)新登宇065号内容筒介木书是在九十年代初遥感技术飞速发展的基础上,融合了大量最新研究成果編写的。书中全面系统地介绍了遥感技与应用的各个领域。包括;遥感基础、遥感器、微波遥感、遘感平台及数据、人工及计算杋图像处理、遥感应用及地理信息系统等。全书共分I3童,着重对有关原理和概念进行说明,在补充说明中则对理论性、研究性内容进行了咩细论证和叙述,书中谢有大量图表、照片,既便于对正文内容加探理解,又有较高的銎考、保存价值。本书资料新颗、内容广泛,深浅绪合,图文并茂。适合初学者、大专院校师生、各层次的科研人员及管弹人员学习参考遥感精解L日〕遥感研究会編刘勇卫贺雪鸿译测绘出版社出版·发行外文印刷厂印刷新华书脂总店科技级行所经销开本787Xi091/16·印张2075·插页2·字数476千字1993年月第一版·93年12月第一次印刷印数:00012000册·定价:30元JsBN7…5030-0731-]/P·252nI u敬致读者(代序亲爱的读者们:如果您是熟悉方块汉字的中华文化圈的朋友,我属向您推荐这部有关遥感这门高技术的新书。它会让您提纲挈领地了解遥感的基础知识和最新发。本书主绵村井俊治( Shunji murai)教授,他是国际摄影测量与遥感学会( ISPRS主席,亚洲遥感协会ARSC)秘书长。对于中国和亚洲广大读者并不陌生。他的早期著作《遥感原理物要》中译本,就以简明扼要、纲祚目张,深受中国读者欢迎。他主编的《亚太地区遥感应用》反映了亚太地区这一领域的蓬勃发展和巨大潜力,其中热情地介绍了中国遥感界的部分成果。自1981年以来,他为亚洲遥感学会四处奔波,已举办14次学术讨论会,从未间断,对于促进亚太地区遥感秤学技术界的团结合作、进步和繁荣,受到了国际学术界的推和爱戴,与中国遥感界结了深厚的友谊。他几每年都走访中国,热情支持中国组织的国所学术活动。1993年8月,他和他的夫人—位热爱中国的女地理学家。在参加第二届北京国际地理信息系统学术会议和州十早区半干旱风遥感国际学术会之后一道考察」丝绱之路和敦煌文畅。在日本东京大学村井俊治先生的研究室,已逆续不断地接受了十多位中国访问学者和博土硏究,他们在中国有许多老朋友和学生1992年11月,我应邀到东京参加日本字宙开发事业团( NASDA)举办的亚太地区国际空间年大会,村井俊治教授就将这部新的日文版托我转送给中国读者,并热情地表示奉送版税,擤供图版,希望译成中文版。刘勇卫同志毅然承担并很快完成了樂重的编译虫版工作。1993年10月,我到曼谷参加亚太地区空间应用特邀专家会议的时候,村井俊冶教授正在亚洲理工学院(AIT)执教,他对中文版的耵将问世,非常高兴,再三用汉话向可刘勇卫先生和测绘出版社表示感谢。我们相信,这部图文并茂,雅俗共赏的遥感新书,无论对于初学的大专院校青年学生,还是从事教学和关心遥感科技事的专家学者、领导千部,都是值得一读的。特别是为新加坡、港、澳、台的华商同行们,提供了促进相互理解和学术交流的…些新概念和新词汇。本书原是村井俊治教授组织30多位日本谣专家执笔,为日本遥感学会編写的一部髙科技普及读物。它筲明扼要地介绍了有关遥感信息机理、遥感技术和应用领域,共分13章130个小节,毎节图(表)文对照,金书内容丰富、深入浅出、通俗易懂,比铰充分地反映了九十年代遥感的技术进步和应用开发,特别是日本和亚太地区的最新研究成果。在附录中编入的避感卫星时间表、参数表、遥感卫星地面接收站覆盖图,以及插图照片、参考文献等,都体现了太平洋时代和地区的特点,对于中国和亚太地区的读者来说,更是十分难得,倍觉亲切的。l993年L!月,中日双方签订了北京遥感卫星地面站合作接收日本地球资源卫星JERS-1)的协议,在空间上使覆盖范围有可能扩充到亚洲中西部地区;在时间上可以填补美国陆地卫星 Landsat-7发射失败出现的空白。994年9月,联合图亚太地区经社会(UNDP- ESCAP)将在北京召开亚太地区空间应用部长级会议,为亚太地区的空间技术合作和卫星信息共享,为亚洲季夙的环境与白然灾害监测、社会经济持续发展、携手合作,作出奉献。则本书中译本的及时出版,就具有更深远的一层意义。中国科学院学部委员第三让界科学院院士陈述彭993年10月1l日于北京1972年,随着 Landsat-1号发射升空,遷虅技术开始得到广泛的应用。两年后的1974年:H本遥感硏究会成立,最初着手进行的工仵是编写教科书。1975年《遥盛笔记》(技报堂出版)问世。当压,考虐到便于作为教科书使用,故将沙及7个章约70个日的内容以2页对开的形式构成,左边是说明、杈边是图表。这是在日本出版的第一本有关遥感的教科书该我出版后,一直得到遥感界人士的充分利用,而且被许多论文所参考、引用。然,17年后,由于遥戀技术有了很大的发展,该书带要增加新的内容,重新編写。所以我们就遥感器、微波遥感、卫星、图像处理、地理信息系统(GIs)、应用等内容进行了补充和修改《遥感糟解》可以说是17年前岀版的《遥感笔记》的大鯈改版。该书承技报堂之厚意,由日本测量协会出版,在此,仅表达我的谢意最初,我想只做部分修改就可以了,可实际上却做了全面的修改。与前·本书相比,内容量增至13个章节130个条目,几乎多了一倍。执笔者除了当时的5个人外,又新增了约3人,而且几乎都是30岁或40岁的研究人员和技术人员。可以说,这是凝集了日本遥感界新生力量而编写的书。我们还计划将该书译成英文,使世界上更多的人能得以利用。我衷心希望该书能成为日本为甜念哥伦布到达美洲大陆500年和992年国际空间年计划(LSY)的一大贡献。对于日本遥感研究会的成员以及年青执笔者们贡献谨致深深的谢意。日本遥感研究会会长村井俊治1992年秋编者、执笔者名单主编村井俊治编辑委员赤松幸生植木俊明后藤真太郎柴崎亮介下团阳久建石隆太郎E中邦桥本俊昭平出更广泽春任渡边诚执笔者赤松幸牛新井康平计上康司岩下笃植木俊明内田修远藤州小川利绂大山容小池俊雄占宇田亮江田敏幸后藤真太郎斋藤诚柴崎亮介清水英范下田阳久户岛收博高桥佳昭竹内章司竹内延夫建石隆太部田中邦玉井次郎田村昭南丹波澄雄长幸平上居原健德永光暗纳谷美也子桥本俊招早川清二郎平田更一福江洁屯细村宰本多明增子治信松本雅雄松罔龙冶村纯正望日贯一郎森山隆安罔善文柳田聪山本主介力丸厚渡边滤1而本书的使用方法正如“前言”中所说、本书可以说是1975年出版的《遛感笔汜》(技报堂版)的絛改版六书的目的、结构等仍同旧版一样,是考虑到便做为教科书使用而编写的。每一节的内容针对一个条目,左页是简单说明,右页是与该条日有关的图表。对于初学者来说,这种说明,简单明了。在旧版里,觅深度的内容是留给讲师解说的可是,出于遥感技术的普及和发展,我们在进行这次修改时感到,左页的说明里有许多不充分的地方。为此,我们增加了补充悦明,针对正文的内容做了充分的论述。这样,把补充说明加进去,就使本书可能适应具有相当水准的研究人员使用了本书的第二种使用方法是做为自学教科书使馬。遥感的应用技术住各种不同的领城有很大差异。由于篇幅有限,很难将其全部说清。然而,就遥感的基诎和共河技术来说,必须加以说明,而且尽可能歡到使那些没有这方面知识的人也能理解、明白。这样,如果有高山毕业的学历,便能基本掌握整个遥感技术的知识本书的第三种使用方法是做为遥感专家笔记使用。由于遥感涉及了广泛的学科领域,既使是专家也不可能准确无淏地把全部知识记忆下来。而且,要精通所有的领域也是非常困难的。在开始研究新领域的时候,本书可以做为其入门书,而且,在遗忘了某些专业知识的情况下,本书可以做为数据库发挥作用。本书共分13章。第1章是基础,也就是感的概论。第2章是遥感器,讲述现在已被应用成不久的将来有可能应用的遥感器的基砥。第3章和第4章是黴波遥感。由亍搭载各种微波遥感器的圯球观测卫星的出现,该部分与旧版相比,在内容上做了大幅度增加第5章是遥感平台,除了基础之外,附加了有关现在经常使用的地球观测卫星的解说。第6章是关于遥感中所应用的各种数裾及其特性的说明。第7章的内容在旧版中没有考虑到遥感数据的实际利用状况,增加了图象判读的内容。第8章是有关图像处理系统的介绍,第9、10、Ll章是关于图像处理的各个领域的解说。第12章是遥感应用;考虐到要长期使用,所以收集了-些规范的而且尽可能是接近实用的例子。第13章是有关地理信息系统(Gs)的内容。木书中应否加进GIS的内容,编委会内部虽然有不同意见,然而,随着過感实用化的发展,佔计今后GIS的利用会越来越多,所以,从读者的角度考虑,我们还是加进了这方面的内容。在正文的后边附有补充说明,正文中一些没有解释清的及过于专业化的内容在补充说明中加以论述。补充说明与正文,可按各节的号码对照查找。参考文献与引用文献按各小节归纳,并附有连续号码。引用文帐的号码与正文中的号码相对应。加外,若想获取更深塽的知识,也请参照参考文献。在正文中,需参照考文献时用“”符号表示,需参照引用文献时用“)符号表示。书后的附录中,主要汇总了关于遥感卫是的信息。目录敬致读者(代序)本书的使用方法第1章遥感基础1.1遥感的概念·*1(212电磁波的性质………"………(413物质和电磁波的相作用(64电磁波的波段咖音自自冒自■晋音鲁·自即噜备音·咖噜哥即鲁自自鲁自晋咖暗音自自命自■自鲁身命县自自自命自命争鲁自命鲁自身鲁■命自1.5根据波段划分遥感的种类…”*(10116辐射量的定义(121.7黑体辐射晷中自自■自鲁曲喜會冒自血盘鲁14J18反射率…444441461619物体的光谱反射特性郾■团马■忌(181.10太阳光的光谱辐射特性…………………“(201.11大气的透射特性22}2辐射传递理论●■b■■『■尋●國■■■■↓最■■■■■■&●■●●●■■國↓■悬■■●國國■■■■■●●■■■悬口■●司■■■■b(24)第2章遥感器2.遥感器的分类…*4…444446441446444460(26)22光学逕感器的特征…………………---(28)23空门分辨率…………………………………………(30)24分光元件…………………………………………………(32)25分光滤光……………(3426分光计■■■s(36)7光探测元件的种类及性…………………………………”………(38})28遥感摄影机…"*"”*"**"*◆"s(4029遥感用的胶)…………210光机扫描仪■看鲁日■●即国●·■■自■■●●■鲁自自●p西·咖自■自鲁会■■中■P◆和日·中曾中◆鲁鲁◆争脅争ψ唱卿◆中中曾鲁鲁鲁會中鲁中鲁2l推帚式扫描仪…………”…"………”*”(46}212成像光谐仪……,………"”……………”…""………(48)213大气遥感器…650214声波遥感器(52)2.15激光雷达……國●■■●bb■d↓■画己业(54)====第3章微波巡感31微波遥感的原浬■■■↓■即·『●自·↓■■■·自自自■·@·ψ■罪■■血·咖●■口咖■·P■■血命和·唱自ψ■·■■會咖ψ咖鲁罪↓身■··@·自自(56)3,2徽波的衰减…●ψ如ψ甲即(58)33微波的辐射■■■唱q甲中■鲁p■司屮鲁D■曾■甲鲁●命■■鲁身●◆啁中■■自『争学中皆自自●鲁唱申咖血■■口卓鲁中口中■3.4徽波的表面散射中甲冒PPP■中鲁●中萨P會俨血申伽甲曾曾P◆鲁导司曹管早唱中P司自卿曾即中中鲁申◆鲁冒中口即曾■,即會鲁鲁甲鲁口■看p■會62)35微玻的体散射中自●鲁魯(6436天线的种类…””””…"",(6)3.7天线的特性··可伽聊唱司D■咖咖自日日●口·鲁自·自·目看自唱自罪即目备自口自咖口·看■D自自即■自自早自卓即自●自自鲁自◆申68)第4章黴波避感器4.1微波遥感器的分类a“nt(704,2真实孔径达…………"■●血▲↓看■■●●血晶■晶■啬冒■■↓■■↓暴●φ■■●■·聊·ψ·斗■●b·如(72)43合成孔径雪达“………M………,…“……M…………(74)44宙达图像的几何特性…44764.5合成孔竺嘗达图像的重建4.6需达图像的特8)4.7地形引起的雷达图像差异咖自·申毒冒■■自·中●·咖■■■聊↓·咖噜·咖■也■■咖·咖·↓·↓·鲁@·嵋咱昏忌■看斗·自自啬司國口唱(82)4.8微波辐射计“么+么(8449微波散射计………s…(864.10黴渡高度汁本春业界…(88)4l1海面风的测量·■■會會■·會口『■會會■■『會■個十會■會會血■4………….(90)4.12雷达对波浪的测量………44·4444414444(92第5章遥匙平台51遥感平台的利类…94)52高度与大气的状态……(96)53遥感平台的姿态………………………………,…,1(9g)54姿态测量传感器L4本香(100)55卫星的轨道参数……………·…0102)5.6卫星的轨道导中中唱即即冒即冒即曾■■鲁警曾■P■曾『■曾冒譬■■即曾T■甲钾■即曾■聊司曾口■■(104)57卫星位置的测量■■冒↓冒冒曾曾■冒冒即聊『■口目即■即曾冒■普■即鲁节圆昏即唱哥即冒看罪即昏■即看看■即看愚罪冒b看■b106)5,8避感卫星·…·……*…s10859 Landsat卫星中中■曾即甘曾曾ψ冒冒P冒冒■冒■冒备即罪即曾号口即即即即聊司冒即冒甲罪目哥器冒罪罪即冒冒晶■即冒冒聊冒昌晶■晶晶●1(110)5.l0SPOT卫星…*…11,,……0(112)5 IL NOAA卫跟·4"""“…"*114)5,12静止气象卫星…………………………""*""………(116)5.13极平台谭●中●曾鲁号号P■鲁早号冒■号自■■宁唱日鲁音鲁哥鲁■■国↓D自自国司q哥昏哈自■驴·■命自■■■昌晶b伽■晶■品画hb●(118
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