计算机组成原理期末复习重点总结
本文档适用于大学生学习。主要归纳了计算机组成原理该科目的知识内容，用于期末复习。其中，部分资料为手写归纳，若出现错误请以课本为主星章对奴斜加迹一子电叶尊加亠究漏收电寻对水第代电陪引机第m大现真电计率五代善适计计尊机下分大型和E型和(高座能计加,起邻机,机。微望机22站图形强入利讨机(克入宣内研为時定方用温计专甲加养钝沉言顶程方一五佛。序南假记一可混言→机机费丸罢概描系力輒他指友)计尊加系览的是指附能够程序所四列计机系属池,可根点1结构与西能筋性计摩個氏是指加何突观对加构阿角属指与现机属性)仔夏计導机塔点)消金据存子鸦内,可挖地址形司3),指加椒推均甲二进劇表京)满由操市吊和她(源体脱粒位)今有備内把序悟該4)以泛摩题为中/↓现以有儒为)分鼻机餐很计而叫大烟章事件伦原Am从定伴:如快菜部伴执行速度所兼得秦瓷性庭加速比受限子试評件在系瓷中所占际重号性系涵能(、执行时同染进前)糸瓶如座比=系铙能品前)机行时间(后驶同(5)洪时时的1)x[(进例计+到评戈故行间前→系能加化代应司(下)可设进比例十的足越兼得而益程序而局部性原理时国和皇司)席章A基孤2|105余52(105)。=(11o|o1)212从般×→取坐0,80≤2原0XX≤为为真为整际应都0十原:L+0原二0,0000000-01原二1,0o0oco0模子益武而临界值边M)m整为补福:了30时82=x.[+0=[XD时[补=A+=从=A:)例:x=10)[2+=管位X=-1101=20=1000000直宦原码装换白科:了有为距模=有愿三8反:正码=嚓真负N反:原除磨号取反,原:-127~121)~8路-18~1补二十病而表示:鹃为x-(1)=真鱼万=真值例:像评单精度示701a.0-1010(·0|=·01089 ol01 t ollI Il- 1o0o olo△傅鸡宜格值制正殺原函0原硝0左病0升B右反A+8]补=1十工+补3号励态A-B]料三[A+TB补书两位3查利断?0=0直播乘该A例求解101x来礼点A0n+ oQ CoM初鱼0000A←A+Ao101鸡。0(00计鸦,。。010AA+10|110右形0010(A←A+Nt0001/0(在形0100:CC764=101160neoe. cetl Iec,10h-Ilool onto K=-T二u100l.例求解11初恒为0永截神0M+,形考A人初,oo管AA-A401nom号在6o011彩·将1001011I44+9101。106o0右移20101019101011右形「。。10100在补位臂号n移,n形卫得点运臂X= XM x2X2MEEX+y=(Xm X2x2ESE十YAXE-TEXx二(XD)x2变(=)x-Y=(Am2XE-TEx/YXA/以人点加腐以而墓原理).对操限操7教4置对D下密差,小硝同大砖看,所强小是事同在移但,每市,可1)教两加对里碳上,以对能行相应)将笼果格吧:如录足都不是规格形龙,则各信果满得点数而乘豫法两午将点极刘来,支形的育为两乘所丽违形,其尾赦为两来数尾数勇个将南相阶商的网丽被徐超两成种国商的尾为减毅勇尾除以乘敬的尾搬检加料队同说是长度相词函两进制烯面对应格不司的比奇偶验吨用奇烛验时,校的设置变候证特报得和成中的的截力都使甲成验要原的限5出=骂:如运算CkC城酸乘除善除以中如派席换武减例M)=1D0.G=101求莫循序兄余校的解0(n3,Mn)=10000/1100600·2=-100060DGU)01000余R)=010·可借那兄余为0ABD·x2+20=10010=(0D Tu)传是T6,W硝正一侵梯位的汉码的位的港取频合2-2m+k4m为倍夏色的都,极验应汉丽C排放在殇亠这十9+98十14+414+1Hu HnH1。?H0DDe Ds C4 D4 D3D C D, CC1=H1二Hbs①H7①日?凸2二A=2份H6田H7Jpo③HC2=H4二HH6出1⑤4=H2=H701.nBC4C2C1Bc4c3c,=0→误0果十进剧→误色置
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NGSIM使用手册（1）
美国NGSIM系统的使用手册，方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载，完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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