基于fpga的自适应滤波器
关于自适应滤波器的fpga实现，对于想学数字滤波器的和fpga的同学来说非常好基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计摘要数字滤波器较模拟滤波器相比,具有信噪比髙,过渡带性能好,髙可靠性及可扩展性,设计灵活方便的优势,应用范围越米越广。随着专用数字信号处理芯片的发展,数字滤波器的可实现性能以及处理速度得到了极大的提升,FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)作为一种新型数字信号处理芯片,具有数字信号处理速度快、数据并行处理并且利用硬件编程语言直接进行硬件设计等特点,自适应滤波器的FPGA设计以及优化方法,是目前的一个研究热点。本文对自适应滤波器进行 Matlab仿真,以对其结构特性以及运算特点进行了解,利用 Matlab生成测试信号与FPGA仿真软件 Modelsim进行联合设计以及行为仿貞,采用 Altera公司的 Cyclone IV系列芯片EP4CE15F17C8为载体的开发板进行设计仿真,在设计过程中,充分利用FPGA可以并行处理以及快速的数字信号处理的特点进行针对性的结构设计。在此基础上做了以下工作。在充分了解滤波器,自适应横向滤波器,自适应陷波滤波器以及FFT变换原理的基础上,选择并搭建∫设计平台,在目前自适应横向滤波器的FPGA设计的研究基础上,采用模块化的设计方法,单独设计可重复调用的串行FR滤波模块以及串行LMS杖值更新模块,对两种模块的设计以及综合分别进行了设计以及仿真实验,通过并行调川两种不同模块,每种调用四个的方式设计一个16阶的滤波器为例来阐述模块化设计方法,并设计32阶64阶分别与仝串行以及仝并行设计方式的处理速率以及逻辑资源调用进行比较,结果说明运算速率与并行调用模块数量成正比,远快于全串行结构的设计方式,并且对于64阶仝并行系统来说,极大的减少了硬件资源的消万方数据耗,提髙了设计灵活性。在此设计的基础上,针对传统自适应陷波滤波器的滤波频夲固定不变的缺陷,提出了一种频域变换法检测噪声特征频夲,并可以根据特征噪声频率实时改变陷波频率的滤波器设计方法,为了减小设计复杂性,研究了符号LMS自适应陷波器算法,通过 Matlab仿真实验选取符号的特征变量。并对噪声信号提取算法进行了介绍和设计仿真,最终设计出根据噪声频率自动调节陷波中心频率的自适应陷波滤波器,并对滤波器性能进行了 Modelsim仿真研究,自适应陷波器具有能有效的滤除对应频的单频噪声信号,并且根据噪声的频率特性自动调节滤波频率的特点。针对两种自适应滤波器的FPGA设计,体现了FPGA在自适应滤波器设计时灵活性以及针对性,两种不同类型的自适应滤波器,可以分别适用于普通数字滤波器无法有效发挥作用的场合,同时本文的设计方法对其它类型数字信号处理系统的FPGA实现具有一定参考价值关键词:现场可编程门阵列,自适应横向滤波器,模坎化设计,自适应陷波器万方数据DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE FILTER BASED ON FPGAABSTRaCTCompared with analog filter, digital filter has the advantages of high signalto noise ratio, good performance of transition zone, high reliability andexpansibility, flexible and convenient design and application With developmentof special digital signal processing chip, digital filter Can achieve performanceand processing speed has been greatly improved, the realization of the use of thebetter performance of digital chip design more complex filter, so that the adaptivefilter realization and application become possible, FPGA (field programmablegate array) is a new type of digital signal processing chip, with parallel processingof data and Can use hardware programming language directly the characteristicsof the hardware design, is currently a hot research topic for study of adaptive filteris implemented on FPgaThe matlab simulation of the adaptive filter to understand the characteristicsof the structure and opcration characteristics, and the use of Matlab generatingtest signals and FPGA simulation software Modelsim joint behavior simulation ofFPGa design, then to Altera cyclone Iv series chip ep4cel5f17c8 as the carrierof the development board for simulation design. in the design process, make fulluse of FPGa parallel processing and fast digital signal processing for structuraldesign On this basis, the following work has been doneThe filter needed to fully understand, adaptive transversal filter, adaptivenotch filter and Fft transform based on the principle of selection and build adesign platform, first in the basic research of current FPGA adaptive transversalfilter realization, using modular design method, the structure is divided into singleand serial FiR filter module serial LMS weight update module, the design of thetwo modules and integrated were designed, and simulation experiments, through万方数据the parallel call two different modules, each call the four way to design a 1 6 orderfilter as an example to illustrate the modular design method, and design of 32order and 64 order respectively with serial and the processing rate parallel designmethods and logic resources call were compared. The results show that theoperation rate and parallel call module is proportional to the number, far faster Inthe whole serial design mode, and for the 64 order all parallel system, greatlyimprove the design flexibility, reduce the consumption of hardware resourcesAfter the design on this basis, the traditional adaptive trapped wave filter, filterfrequency fixed defects, put forward a method of frequency domain transformdetection noise characteristic frequency, and can change in real time accordingto the characteristics of noise frequency trapped wave frequency filter designmethods, in order to reduce the design complexity and the sign LMs adaptivenotch filter algorithm, the characteristic variables of the symbol is determinedthrough the simulation experiment of Matlab. And the noise signal extractionalgorithm are introduced and the simulation design, the final design according tofrequency noise automatically adjust the trapped wave frequency adaptive notchfilter, and on the performance of the filters were Modelsim simulation researchthe adaptive notch filter has CaN effectively filter on the frequency of the singlefrequency noise signal, and does not affect the characteristics of waveforms usefulFor the fpga design of two based on the lms adaptive algorithm of filterreflecting the FPGa in the adaptive filter design flexibility and uniqueness, twodifferent types of adaptive filter can be respectively applicable to ordinarydigital filter Can not effectively play the role of occasions, also the designmethod of other types of digital signal processing system based on FPGaimplementation has a certain reference valueKEY WORDS: FPGA, Adaptive transversal filter, Modular design, Adaptivenotch filter万方数据目录摘要ABSTRACT··,··*···第·章绪论…1.1研究目的与意义1.1.1数字滤波器简介·················+··*····+··········*···:··.*····…···*········:··+*·········1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义·“中,非2国内外研究现状1.2.1自适应滤波器研究现状122自适应滤波器的FPGA实现研究现状·······申中···申1.3课题的主要研究内谷··B申61.3.1课题的主要工作1.3.2课题的研究实现方案…4本章小结第二章自适应陷波滤波器的原理以及实验平台2.自适应滤波器理论介绍·····中中·········中·中·"中··中·中····中····申2.1.1IR与FIR滤波器简介2.12LMS算法原理132.1.3自适应陷波器的原理15214FFT变换的原理··p··中··中··,和p申·和中中····中·申22设计平台介绍2022.1自适应滤波器的设计平台20222自适应陷波滤波器接2223本章小结24第三章自适应横向滤波器的FPGA实现..273.1自适应滤波器的 Matlab仿真研究…····中中中申·中申···申申p中申·中申··申p申中273.1.1自适应滤波器的功能仿真研究273.2自适应滤波器的滤波收敛性能研究方法…83.1.3自适应滤波器的收敛性能研究….30万方数据3.2自适应滤波器的FPGA模块化设计333.2.1自适应滤波器FPGA模块化设计原理333.22FIR串行模块的设计申·中p申申,申申申·申和中p申申非申·p;申p申·非申·申新申中和申p申和·申·申P申申·申申申p申p343.2.3LMS串行模块的设计35324自适应滤波器多级处理结构整体设计363.2.5结构特性分析393.3木章小结···非中中非第四章自适应陷波滤波器的FPGA设计41符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择及系统结构设计.414.1.1符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择4141.2FIR自适应陷波滤波器系统结构设计42噪声信号分析以及参考信号频率值提取……1464.2.1FFT变换的功能464.2.2FFT变换的参数介绍42.3 FFT IP核的调试以及功能测试……4842.4特征噪声频率提取算法.…43自适应陷波模块的设计非··申申中431自适应波器的 Matlab仿真43.2自适应陷波器FPGA设计时的数据截取方法554.3.3白适应陷波器模块的FPGA设计56434自适应陷波器的整体设计6044采用频域变换法自适应陷波器滤除工频噪声.44.1提高系统实时性的方法6144.2模拟与实验验证45木章小结·········65第五章总结与展望DD67参考文献致谢75攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录77ⅤI万方数据太原理工大学硕上饼究生学位论文第一章绪论1.1研究目的与意义滤波器从1917年发明以米,已经有近一个世纪的发展史1,滤波器的发明也极大的推进了电了器件以及通信的发展。计算机技术以及集成电路的技术的发展又使滤波器产生飞跃式的发展,各科数字电路以及模拟开关电路元件体积越来越小,密度越来越高,直接催生了集成芯片式RC有源滤波器,开关电容滤波器以及数字滤波器。使滤波器的应用范围再一次扩大,不仅仅在通信领域,在医学,电气,图像处理等领域也起到了举足轻重的作用。1.1.1数字滤波器简介数字滤波器作为数字信号处理的一部分,是随着计算机以及数字器件的发展而发展起来的一门比较新的技术,尤其近几年来,数字处理芯片以及数字信号处理技术的发展使得数字滤波器的优点越米越突出,现代数字滤波器可以轻易实现将过渡带缩短到Iz以內,这点是模拟滤波器无法达到的性能指标。数字滤波器比模拟滤波器还有更优越的信噪比、可靠性以及灵活性和可扩展性,并且随着数字集成电路的发展,制作成本将会越来越低S。目前使用比较多的滤波器设计方法分别是无限冲击响应(IR)以及有限冲击响应(FR)波器,其屮由于FR滤波器可以很容易实现具有严格线性相位结构的滤波器,而IR滤波器要达到严格线性相位结构必须经过仝通网终线性相位矫正从而大大增加滤波器的阶数。FR滤波器由于其冲击响应有限,所以是个稳定系统。并且没有反馈环节,有利于其在使件上实现。所以FR滤波器以其独有的优势应用于线性相位结构的系统屮。近几年米,随着RLS以及LMS自适应算法的提出S,很多专家学者提出了利用自适应算法在数字系统上设计自适应滤波器,使滤波器的性能更加灵活,并且在对滤波器有特殊滤波要求的场合使用門,例如自适应陷波器常用在电气设备中滤除工频干扰而对其余频率信号几乎完全不产生影响,以及在通道失配屮采用自适应滤波原理进行矫正12,有些系统可以采用自适应算法达到抵消噪声千扰3,这些都是常规滤波器无法达万方数据基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计到的性能指标。LMS算法以其简单的特性,可以在多和数字芯片上进行设计。尤其在FPGA上实现各种自适应滤波器14,是目前针对自适应滤波器方面的一个研究方向。1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义FIR与IR滤波器都是数字滤波器,即在数字系统上实现滤波器功能,而数字系统又分为软件数字系统实现以及硬件数字系统实现,软件数字系统实现最常用的例如使用MEATLAB或者 Labview进行编程实现15,其优点是可以自如的调节信号字长以及滤波步长,可以达到很高的精度,并且可以综合其它的处理功能为一体。缺点是接口比较单,必须接外置的采集卡,需要以计算机为载休休积往往很大。并且对信号的处理速度在相同糸件下要比硬件实现的滤波器系统要慢,并不能达到很好的实吋性,实际应用中只适用于屮、少量的数据后期分析以及对成本以及实时性要求不高的一些系统使用16。哽件芯片实现的数字滤波器实吋性要比PC杋软件好,并且硬件载体也比较多,如单片机、ARM类芯片,和专门用于数字信号处理的DSP芯片上均可以实现滤波器功能,但是其运算均为串行运算,(现场可编程门阵列)FPGA作为·种可编辑器件,不仅能实现上述所有芯片的功能,在资源配置合理的情况下,还能进行处理馍垬多重并行调用,即在个芯片上实现多个基本芯片同时处理的功能8,从而达到特别优异的数字信号处理功能,目前在图像处理等需要实时对大量数字信号进行滤波处理的领域,FPGA已经成为款不可或缺的芯片。但硬件设计数字滤波器的时候,山于数字滤波器的特殊性,在设计数字滤波器的时候,并没有现成的标准公式,这造成了很多数字滤波器并不能完全直接在硬件系统上实现,例如,FR数字滤波器,必须先利用软件工具得出FIR滤波器的各延迟抽头系数才能进行硬件设计,所以设计FIR滤波器的时候,是离不开计算机系统的,但是设计好的滤波器,可以脱离软件系统进行使用。由亍FR滤波器的本质就是一个标准的乘加运算集,恰好可以利用分布式算法实砚FIR滤波器,分布式算法的每个乘法运算屮必须有一个乘数为常数,这又与FPGA的基本逻辑单元査找表的功能相适应,利用査找表结构可以进行个常数乘数与·个变量相乘的运算,这样在实现FIR滤波器的时候,利用分布式算法,可以实现不使用或仅使用少量乘法器资源即可完成FR滤波器结构设计,FPGA的设计结构刚好与FIR滤波器的万方数据
- 2021-05-06下载
- 积分：1
Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdf
Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdfRino micheloni· Luca Crippa· Alessia marelliInside nand flashMemoriesSpringerRino micheloniLuca CrippaIntegrated Device TechnologyForward InsightsAgrate BrianzaNorth yorkItalCanadarino. micheloni@ieee. orgluca.crippa @ieee.orgAlessia marelliIntegrated Device Technologyagrate brianzaItalylessiamarelli@gmail.comISBN97890-481-9430-8e-ISBN97890-481-9431-5DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9431-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New YorkLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2010931597O Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the wor Ose ofpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpoCover design: eStudio Calamar SLPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceIn the last decade Flash cards became the most important digital storage supportIt is difficult to identify a single killer application(digital photography, MP3digital video, ...)or whether the success of this media support is due to itsusability in different applications. It is also difficult to state whether the recentlution in the infotainment area has been triggered by the availability of high-performance NAND Flash memories or if the extraordinary success of Flash cardsis a consequence of the establishment of new applicationsIn any case, independently of the cause-effect relationship linking new digitalapplications and Flash cards, to realize how NANd Flash memories entered in ourdaily life, it is sufficient to imagine as they would change our recent habits if theNAND memories disappeared suddenly. To take a picture it would be necessary tofind a film (as well as a traditional camera .), disks or even magnetic tapes wouldbe used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return tobe a simple mean of communication rather than a console for an extendedentertainmentThe development of nand Flash memories will not be set down on the mereevolution of these digital systems since a new killer application can trigger a furthersuccess for this memory support: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives(HDD)with Solid State Drives (SSD)The advantages of Ssd with respect to HDD are countless(higher read/writspeed, higher mechanical reliability, random access, silent operation, lower powerconsumption, lower weight, .. ) Nevertheless, the cost per gigabyte is stillsignificantly favorable to hDd and the success of ssd will depend only on theperformances that they will succeed in reachingThe present book, the fourth authored by rino micheloni and coworkers afterVLSI-Design of Non-volatiles Memories, Memories in Wireless Systems and ErrorCorrection Codes for Non-volatile Memories, all published by Springer, tacklesall the main aspects related to NANd Flash memories, from the physicaltechnological, and circuit issues to their use in Flash cards and SsdsAfter an extended market overview(Chap. 1), Chap 2 has been conceived as aguide for the entire book, so that the reader can directly reach the heart of theproblems that interest himThe following chapters deepen physical and technological aspects. In particularChaps. 3 and 4 tackle technological and reliability issues of traditional FloatingGate NAND memories, respectively, while the state-of-the-art of charge trappingtechnologies is effectively summarized in Chap 5Ⅴ i PrefaceThe central part of the book is dedicated to circuit issues: logic( Chap. 6),sensing circuits(Chaps. 8 and 9)and high voltage blocks( Chaps. 1l and 12)Other basic topics related to circuit aspects are also analyzed, such as theimplementation of Double Data Rate interfaces( Chap. 7), while multilevel storage(2 bits per cell) is presented in Chap. 10Techniques adopted to increase memory reliability and yield are discussedin Chaps. 13 and 14, the former dealing with redundancy, the latter with ErrorCorrection Codes. The test flux used by nand memories manufactures is describedin Chap 15Chapter 16 focus on nand devices storing 3 and 4 bits per cell that allowreaching the lower cost per gigabyte and that will conquer, in the next few years,the market of consumer applicationsThe last chapters are dedicated to the two most popular systems based onNAND memories: Flash cards( Chap. 17)and SsD(Chap. 18). The relationshipbetween Nand memories and system performances are highlightedFinally, Chap. 19 describes the effects of ionizing radiations on non-volatilememories, to understand whether NaNd memories can be safely used in spaceand military applicationsProf. Piero olivoDean of the Engineering FacultyUniversity of ferrara, ItalyAcknowledgementsAfter completing a project like a technical book, it is very hard to acknowledgeall the people who have contributed directly or indirectly with their work anddedicationFirst of all, we wish to thank all the authors of the contributed chaptersWe have to thank mark de Jongh for giving us the possibility of publishing thiswork and cindy zitter for her continuous supportLast but not least, we keep in mind all our present and past colleagues for theirsuggestions and fruitful discussionsRino. Luca and alessiaTable of contentsPrefaceAcknowledgementsvIII Market and applications for nand Flash memoriesGregory Wong2 NAND overview: from memory to systemsR. Micheloni, A Marelli and S. Commodaro3 Program and erase of Nand memory arrays55Cristoph Friederich4 Reliability issues of NAND Flash memoriesC. Zambelli. a. Chimenton and p. olivo5 Charge trap nand technologies115Alessandro grossi6 Control logic131A Marelli.R Micheloni andR. ravasio7 NAND DDR interface161Andrea silvagni8 Sensing circuits197L. Crippa and R. micheloni9 Parasitic effects and verify circuits235L. Crippa and R. michelonO MLC Storage261L Crippa and R Micheloni11 Charge pumps, voltage regulators and HV switchesR Micheloni and L Crippa
- 2020-12-08下载
- 积分：1
|
联系客服（QQ：3324461878）
