基于小波变换和直方图均衡的红外图像增强
基于红外图像低分辨率、低对比度、视觉特性差的特性，以及传统的利用直方图均衡化进行红外图像增强的方法会丢失图像的细节信息、增强红外图像的噪声的特性，将小波变换的多尺度、多分辨率的特点和直方图均衡化的方法相结合，提出一种更好的实现红外图像增强的算法。激光与红外No.22013尹士畅等基于小波变换和直方图均衡的红外图像增强227度下的原因,手臂的温度和环温比较接近,从而使得得到的图像的对比度比较差,视觉效果不明显。如图2中为经过小波变换后提取出来的图像的低频成分,从中可以看出,该图像和原始图像的对比度差别不大,但是从视觉上来看,图片的连续性较好,噪声较少。图3是经过直方图均衡化处理的图像,经过直方图均衡化之后图像的整体的视觉效果变好了,图片中手表和手臂的对比度非常明显,甚至包括表图4本文增强算法带和手臂的也可以清楚地辨认出来。然而,经过直7结论方图均衡化之后,手臂左下角方向和右下角方向以针对直方图均衡化和小波变换在红外图像增强及手表中央的噪声也变得非常的大,相比较原始图存在的问题,本文所提出的改进算法,通过将两者的像而言信噪比变差了。图4则是将直方图均衡化和优势相结合,弥补单独算法的劣势,从而达到适当提小波变换算法相结合后增强的红外图像,相比较图高原始红外图像的对比度,增强了目标和背景的差3而言,对比度的变化不大,但是图像的很多噪声特异性并且保证红外图像的信噪比的效果。性得到了改善,尤其是手表中央和手臂的左右下角部分的噪声得到了明显改善,从而很好的验证了该参考文献:算法的可行性。[1 Lin Zhenxian Song Guoxiang, Xue Wen Comparison andimprovements of several methods wavelet image denoising[ J]. Journal of Xidian University, 2004, 31(4)625-629.( in Chinese)林椹尠,宋国乡,薛文.图像的几种小波去噪方法的比较和改进[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2004,31(4):625-6292 Yu Tianhe, Hao Fuchun, Kang Weimin Summarization onthe infrared image enhancement technology [J]. Infrared图1原始红外图像and Laser Engineering, 2007, S2): 131-137.( in Chinese于天河,郝富春,康为民红外图像增强技术综述[J]红外与激光工程,2007,(S2):131-137[3 Xie Jiecheng, Zhang Dali, Xu Wenli. Wavelet Image De-noising vigorously [ J]. Journal of Image and Graphics2002,7(3):209-218.( in Chinese)谢杰成,张大力,徐文立小波图象去噪综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2002,7(3):209-218图2低频红外图像[4 Peng Zhou, Zhao Baojun. Nover scheme for infrared imageenhancement based on contourlet transform and fuzzy theory[J]. Laser& nfrared,2011,41(6):129-133.彭洲,赵保军.基于 Contourlet变换和模糊理论的红外图像增强算法[J].激光与红外,2011,41(6):129-133[5 Yong Yang, Wang Jingru, Zhang Qiheng. Enhancement oflow Contrast Image Contain Small Targ[ J]. Laser &Infrared,2005,35(5):373-377.( in Chinese)图3直方图均衡化雍杨,王敬儒,张启衡.弱小目标低对比度图像增强算228激光与红外第43卷法研究[J].激光与红外,205,35(5):373-377round[ J. Laser Infrared, 2003, 33(6): 109-114.[6 An Chengbin, Ren Hongliang, Nei Chuanhong, et al. Infraincsered Image Enhancement Technology for Staring Infrared温佩芝,史泽林,于海斌基于小波变换的复杂海面背Imager[ J]. Laser Infrared, 2003, 33(6): 32-33. (in景红外小目标检测[J]激光与红外,2003,33(6)nese109-114安成斌任宏亮,传虹,等凝视焦平面热像仪的红[11]孙延奎小波分析及其应用M].北京:机械工业出版外图像增强技术[J].激光与红外,203,33(6):社,2005[12] Turghunjan, et al. a technique of image enhancement[7]宋芳莉图像边缘检测中的方法研究[D].西安:西北based on the dyadic wavelet transform[ J]. Joumal of Xin-大学,2002jiang Normal University Natural Science Edition, 2006[8 Luo Jiebo, Chen Changwen, Parker K J Image enhancement25(4):6-13for low bit rate wavelet-based compression[ J]. IEEE Inter吐尔洪江,等.基于二进小波变换的图像增强技术national Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1997: 6-20[J].新疆师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,25(4)[9 Ji Shupeng, Ding Xiaoqing. Study on image enhancing fusion algorithm of visible and infrared image[J]. Laser [13]S Mallat. a Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing[ M].PittsInfrared, 2002, 31(6): 518-521.( in Chinese): Academic Press, 1999.吉书鹏,丁晓青.可见光与红外图像增强融合算法矸4]张德丰 MATLAB小波分析[M].机械工业出版社究[J激光与红外,2002,31(6):518-5212009[10] Wen peizhi, Shi Zhelin, Yu haibin. Wavelet transform-[15]葛哲学,沙威.小波分析理论与 MATLAB R007实现based Detection for Small IR Target in Complex Sea Back-[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007
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Doyub Kim Fluid Engine Development.pdf
( Doyub Kim Fluid Engine Development.pdf )Doyub Kim Fluid Engine Development.pdfTaylor francisTaylor Francis Grouphttp://taylorandfrancis.comT& F Cat #K25519K25519C000— page l-10/21/2016-17:12LUID ENGINEDEVELOPMENTDOYUB KIM(CRC CRC PressTaylor & fiBoca raton london new yorkCRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor francis Group, an informa businessAN AK PETERS BOOKT& F Cat #K25519—K25519C000- page l-10/21/2016—17:12CRC PressTaylor Francis Group6000 Broken Sound parkway nw, suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-274@2017 by Taylor Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor Francis Group, an Informa businessNo clain lo original U.S. Government worksPrinted on acid-free paperVersion date: 20161019International Standard book Number -13: 978-1-4987-1992-6(Pack- Book and ebook)This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable effortshave been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assumeresponsibility for the validily of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publisherhave attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize toc ht holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any cocht m aterial hnot been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprintExcept as permitted under U.S. Copyright L aw, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,without written permission from tblishTorpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthisworkpleaseaccesswww.copyrightcom(http://www.copyright.com/)orcontacttheCopyrightClearanceceNter,inC.(ccc),222RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses andregistration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,a separate system of payment has been arranged.Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are usedonly for identification and explanation without intent to infringeLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Kim, Doyub, author.Title: Fluid engine development/Doyub KimDescription: Boca Raton: Taylor Francis, a CRC title, part of the TaylorFrancis imprint, a member of the taylor Francis group the academicdivision of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] Includes bibliographical referencesnd indIdentifiers: LCCN 2016028981 ISBN 9781498719926(hardback: acid-free paperSubjects: LCSH: Hydrodynamata processing. Fluids--Computer simulaticClassilication: LCC QA911 K485 2017 DDC 532.00285, 66--dc23Lcrecordavailableathttps://icCn.loc.sov/2016028981Visit the Taylor& Francis Webhttp://www.taylorandfrancis.comand the Crc Press Web site athttp!/www.crcpT&FCat#K25519K25519000— page iv-10/21/2016—17:12To my wifeT& F Cat #K25519K25519C000— page v-10/21/2016-1712Taylor francisTaylor Francis Grouphttp://taylorandfrancis.comT& F Cat #K25519K25519C000— page l-10/21/2016-17:12ContentsPresaList of FigureslI1 Basics1.1 Hello. Fluid SinIdulator1.1.1 Defining State1.1.2 Computing Motion1. 1.3 Boundary handling11.4 Visualization11134621.1.5 Final Rcsult1.2 How to read This book121.2.1 Getting the Codes131.2.2 Rcading codcs131. 2.2. 1 Languages131.2.2.2 Source code st131.2.2.3 Naming Conventions141.2.2.4 Constants151.2.2.5 Array151.2.3 Reading math Expressions01.2.3.1 Scalar. Vector and Matrix201.3 Math1.3. 1 Coordinate System211.3.2 Vector211.3.2.1 Basic Operations241.3.2.2 Dot and cross product261.3.2.3 More Operations273.3 Matri1.3.3.1 Basic Matrix Operations1.3.3.2 Sparse Matrix361.3.4 System of Linear Equations371.3.4.1 Direct Methods1.3.4.2 Indirect Methods381. 3.5 Field421.3.5.1 Partial derivative451.3.5.2 GradientT&FCat#K25519—K25519C000— page vll-10/21/2016-17:12Contents1.3.5.3 Divergence481.3.54C511.3.5.5 Laplacian531.3.6 Interpolation561.3.6.1 Nearest point581.3.6.2 Linear Interpolation591.3.6.3 Cat, mull-Rom Spline Interpolation61eometry631. 4.1 Surface671.4.3 Implicit Surface to Explicit Surface1.4.4 Explicit Surface to Implicit Surface1.5 Animation番普721.6 Physics-Based Animation1.6.1 Getting Started771.6. 2 Physics Animation with Example781.6.2. 1 Choosing a Model781. 6. 2.2 Simulation State791.6.2.3 Force and Motion801.6.2. 4 Time Integration871.6. 2.5 Constraints and collisions891.7 Fluid Animation911.7.1 Gravity1.7.2P1.7.3 Viscosity1.7.4 Density Constraint2 Particle-Based Simulation992.1 Seeing the World Like Seurat992 Data Structi2.2.1 Particle System Data1002.2.2 Particle System Example2.2.3 Neighbor1082.2.3.1 Searching Nearby Particlesl092.2.3.2 Caching Neighbors2.3 SOothed Particles116asics2.3.1.1 Kernel1172.3.1.2 Data Model119lerdO1202.3.1.4 Density1212.3.1.5 Differential Operators2.3.2 Dynamics1302.3.2. 1 Solver Over view1312.3.2.2 Pressure gradient Force133T&FCa#K25519—K25519C000— page vil-10/21/2016—17:12Contents2.3.2.3 Viscosity1372.3.2.4 Gravity and Drag Forces1372.3.3 Results and limitations1382.4 Incompressible SPii with Larger Time-Step12.4Predict and correct2.4.2 Implementation2.4.3 Results1472.5 Collision Handling1492.5.1 Defining colliders1502.6 Discussion and further reading1553 Grid-Based simulation1573.1 Pixelating the World1573. 2 Data Structures1573.2.1 Types of grid1593.2.2 Grid System D1663.3 Differential Operators1693.3.1 Finite difference1703.3.2 Gradient1723.3. 3 Divergence1733.3.4 Curl1763.3.5 Lap1783. 4 Fluid simulation1803.4.1 Collision Handling1823.4.1.1 Collider to Signed-Distance Field1823.4.1.2 Boundary Conditions1833.4.2 Advection1873.4.2.1 Semi-Lagrangian Method1883.4.2.2Ing Backg Accurac1923.4.2.3 Improving Interpolation Accuracy1943.4.2.4 Boundary handlingg1963.43G1983.4.4. 1 Solving Diffusion with Forward Euler1993.4.4.2 Stability of diffuusIonSol2013.4.4.3 Solving DiffusiOn with Backward Euler2033.4.4.4 Boundary Handling2083.4.5 Pressure and Incompressibility2113.4.5. 1 Building matrix2143.5 Smoke simulation2203.5.1 Buoyancy Force2223.5.2 Advection and Diffusioll3.6 Fluid with Surface2233.6.1 Defining surfacc on grids233.6.1.1 Tracking the Surface under the Flow263.6.1.2 Reinitializing Signed-Distance Field226T&FCat#K25519—K25519C000— page ix-10/21/2016—17:12
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