2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告
2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告，《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云MaxCompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础，描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势，并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的研究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作，共建交通共同体。年度高德地圖概述中国主要城市交通分析报告Summary《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云 Maxcompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础,描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势,并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的硏究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作,共建交通共同体。联合发布品贴A未来交通与城市计算联含实验室JOINT LABORATORYc】阿里云FOR FUTURE TRANSPORT AN URDAN COMPUTINI年度高德地圖编制说明中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description调研城市:361城+全国高速城市范围:选取城市的中心城区作为城市道路网评价范围,各城市中心城区范围是根据政府公开数据、交通岀行大数据、高德地图开放平台定位数据、交通出行大数据综合挖掘研判划定样本说明:交通评价中,公共交通车流独立区分计算数据呈现:采用“九宫格”指标综合评价和表征城市交通运行健康状况,其中“路网高峰行程延时指数”、“路网高峰拥堵路段里程比”、“骨干道路运行速度偏差率”、“路网高延时运行时间占比”四项指标已兼容公安部、中央文明办、住房和城乡建设部、交通运输部四部委、办联合印发《城市道路交通文明畅通提升行动计划(2017-2020)》的第三方评估标准。时间说明:全天06:0-22:00早高峰07:00-09:00晚高峰17:00-19:00常规说明无特殊说明,本报告统计时间均为2018年1月1日~2018年12月31日分析范围:50城选取361+城市和全国高速50个城市高德地圖编制说明年度中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description指标扩维:路网行程延时指数->九宫格矩阵->健康诊断全国二大堵点治理方案备网高延通勤拥堵时间(时运行时)(压力经济损失九宫格路网高峰常发拥缓行路矩阵空间(拥堵路段】(堵路段】段里程交通健康指数里程比里程比广州沿江西路效率路网高峰平均(珠江北岸-沿江西路)行程延时速度更新说明指数出行扩维:增加公共交通重庆鸿恩路群众艺术馆一鸿恩寺立交私家车公共交通目录Catalog01主要城市交通运行现状交通健康指数立体诊断城市交通畅通文明工程指标研究公共交通运行分析02年度城市出行标签年度出行盘点城市边界及核心区发展03城市交通病解决方案未来交通与城市计算联合实验室年度成果展堵点治理方案年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告01中国主要城市交通运行现状年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告“交通健康指数”立体诊断城市交通“交通健康指数”计算说明高德地amap. Cam随着城市交通复杂性增加和智能交通的飞速发展,单一指标的评价和诊断已不能满足我国交通运行的多样化。高德首创城市交通病诊断的综合性评价“交通健康指数”来全面刻画城市交通运行状况,该指数从时间、空间、效率的九项交通运行指标的综合评价,实现城市全方位立体化智慧运行诊断。该指数算法沿用国际通用的信息熵法客观确定评价指标权重(该方法在政府权威部门、社会经济、学术领域的各类报告中得到广泛普遍应用);同时,采用 TOPSIS正负理想解的计算进行排名,最终评分结果代表各城市九宫格指标与理想值之间的接近程度。“交通健康指数”越髙说眀离理想值越近,城市运行相对越健康;指数越低则说明多项指标距离理想值越远,相对越不健康。九项指标信息熵权重分配■权重确定方法—熵值法排名得分方法—TOPS|s1)各项指标运用最大最小值归一化处理,并考1)对于反向指标采用取倒数进行同向处理,然后进行数据规范化效率一骨干时间一路网虑指标的正反向进行调整2道路运行速高延时运行度偏差率,时间占比2)计算第项指标下第个样本值占该指标的比重刻率一高峰平为11.6%114%/时间-通勤2)利用欧式距离计算与最优最劣目标的距离,并乘以权重压力指数pp9.8%;{z;-x)2,D:(21-2)2效率一路网高时间一日拥3〕计算第j项指标的熵值行程延时捐数,10.7%堵经济损失e=-k∑p;lm(P;),=1,…,m3)计算各评价对象与最优方案的贴近程度空间一高峰12.6%缓行路段里空间一路网D:+D程比,98%高峰拥堵路4)计算信息熵冗余度空间一常发段里程比值越接近1,表示评价对象越优秀。在城市健康指薮中,所得结果即代表着该城市健康拥堵路段里10.3%d1=1程比5)计算各项指标权重水平与最优目标的接近百分比。15.2%d∑d最终计算各指标权重如左图所示。2018年度中国“交通健康城市”分布热力图高德地amap. Cam2018年度中国主要城市“交通健康指数”分布热力图地域分布来看■从数据分布来看,一线及省会等大型城市的“交通健康指数”相对普遍较低;其指数与城市均值线差距较远,处于亚健康状态全国50个主要城市中,长三角地区除上海外大部分城市“交通健康指数”相对较高,处于相对健康状态,珠三角的大部分城市指数较高,相对处于亚健康
- 2020-12-09下载
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Vehicle Dynamics Theory and Application
不错的汽车动力学教材，是参与汽车底盘电子开发的动力学基础。Reza n. jazarVehicle DynamicsTheory and ApplicationsSpringerReza n. jazarDept of Mechanical EngineeringManhattan collegeRiverdale. NY 10471ISBN:978-0-387-74243-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-74244-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200794219c 2008 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrievalelectronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownor hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarksservice marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as anexpression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paper987654321springer. comKavoshmy daughter, Vazan,and my wife, MojganHappiness is when you win a race against yourselfPrefaceThis text is for engineering students. It introduces the fundamental knowledge used in vehicle dymamics. This knowledge can be utilized to developcomputer programs for analyzing the ride, handling, and optimization ofroad vehiclesVehicle dynamics has been in the engineering curriculum for more thana hundred years. Books on the subject are available, but most of themare written for specialists and are not suitable for a classroom applicationA new student, engineer, or researcher would not know where and howto start learning vehicle dynamics. So, there is a need for a textbook forbeginners. This textbook presents the fundamentals with a perspective onfuture trendsThe study of classical vehicle dynamics has its roots in the work ofgreat scientists of the past four centuries and creative engineers in thepast century who established the methodology of dynamic systems. Thedevelopment of vehicle dynamics has moved toward modeling, analysisand optimization of multi-body dynamics supported by some compliantmembers. Therefore, merging dynamics with optimization theory was anexpected development. The fast-growing capability of accurate positioninsensing, and calculations, along with intelligent computer programming arethe other important developments in vehicle dynamics. So, a textbook helpthe reader to make a computer model of vehicles, which this book doesLevel of the bookThis book has evolved from nearly a decade of research in nonlineardynamic systems and teaching courses in vehicle dynamics. It is addressedprimarily to the last year of undergraduate study and the first year graduatestudent in engineering. Hence, it is an intermediate textbook. It providesboth fundamental and advanced topics. The whole book can be coveredin two successive courses, however, it is possible to jump over some sections and cover the book in one course. Students are required to know thefundamentals of kinematics and dynamics, as well as a basic knowledge ofnumerical methodsThe contents of the book have been kept at a fairly theoretical-practicallevel. Many concepts are deeply explained and their application empha-sized, and most of the related theories and formal proofs have been explained. The book places a strong emphasis on the physical meaning andapplications of the concepts. Topics that have been selected are of highinterest in the field. An attempt has been made to expose students to aPrefacebroad range of topics and approachese There are four special chapters that are indirectly related to vehicle dy-amics: Applied Kinematics, Applied Mechanisms, Applied dynamics, andApplied vibrations. These chapters provide the related background to understand vehicle dynamics and its subsystemsOrganization of the bookThe text is organized so it can be used for teaching or for self-studyChapter 1"Fundamentals, "contains general preliminaries about tire andrim with a brief review of road vehicle classificationsPart I"One Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics, " presents forward vehicledynamics, tire dynamics, and driveline dynamics. Forward dynamics refersto weight transfer, accelerating braking, engine performance, and gear ratiodesignPart II"Vehicle Kinematics, presents a detailed discussion of vehiclemechanical subsystems such as steering and suspensionsPart IIT"Vehicle Dynamics, employs Newton and Lagrange methodsto develop the maneuvering dynamics of vehiclesPart Iv "Vehicle Vibrations, presents a detailed discussion of vehi-cle vibrations. An attempt is made to review the basic approaches anddemonstrate how a vehicle can be modeled as a vibrating multiple degreeof-freedom system. The concepts of the Newton-Euler dynamics and La-grangian method are used equally for derivation of equations of motionThe RMS optimization technique for suspension design of vehicles is intro-duced and applied to vehicle suspensions. The outcome of the optimizationtechnique is the optimal stiffness and damping for a car or suspended equipmentMethod of presentationThis book uses a fact-reason-application"structure. The "fact"is themain subject we introduce in each section. Then the reason is given as a" proof. The application of the fact is examined in some examples. Theexamplesare a very important part of the book because they show howto implement the facts. They also cover some other facts that are neededto expand the subjectPrerequisitesSince the book is written for senior undergraduate and first-year graduatelevel students of engineering, the assumption is that users are familiar withmatrix algebra as well as basic dynamics. Prerequisites are the fundamentals of kinematics, dynamics, vector analysis, and matrix theory. Thesebasics are usually taught in the first three undergraduate yearsPrefaceUnit SystemThe system of units adopted in this book is, unless otherwise stated, theinternational system of units(SI). The units of degree(deg)or radian(rad)are utilized for variables representing angular quantitiesSymbolse Lowercase bold letters indicate a vector. Vectors may be expressed inan n dimensional Euclidian space. ExamplerCUppercase bold letters indicate a dynamic vector or a dynamic matrix, such as force and moment. ExampleFo Lowercase letters with a hat indicate a unit vector. Unit vectors arenot bolded. ExampleLowercase letters with a tilde indicate a 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrixassociated to a vector. Examplea3211An arrow above two uppercase letters indicates the start and endpoints of a position vector. ExampleON = a position vector from point o to point Ne The length of a vector is indicated by a non-bold lowercase letterExampleCapital letter B is utilized to denote a body coordinate frame. ExampleB(ocgB(Oxyz)B1(o1x19121)ⅹ11PrefaceCapital letter G is utilized to denote a global, inertial, or fixed coordinate frame. ExampleG(XYZG(OXYZRight subscript on a transformation matrix indicates the departureframes. ExampleRB= transformation matrix from frame B(oxyz)Left superscript on a transformation matrix indicates the destinationframe. ExampleRBtransformation matrix from frame B(o cgz)to frame G(OxYZ)Capital letter R indicates rotation or a transformation matrix, if itshows the beginning and destination coordinate frames. Example0BSIn a0Whenever there is no sub or superscript, the matrices are shown in abracket. ExampleCOS asin a osIn aCOs O0e Left superscript on a vector denotes the frame in which the vectoris expressed. That superscript indicates the frame that the vectorbelongs to; so the vector is expressed using the unit vectors of thatEr= position vector expressed in frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on a vector denotes the tip point that the vector isreferred to. ExamplePsition vector ofexpressed in coordinate frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on an angular velocity vector indicates the frame thatthe angular vector is referred to. ExampleB= angularof the body coordinate frame B(oxyz)
- 2020-12-12下载
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