2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告
2018年度中国主要城市交通分析报告，《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云MaxCompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础，描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势，并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的研究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作，共建交通共同体。年度高德地圖概述中国主要城市交通分析报告Summary《中国主要城市交通分析报告》以高德交通大数据发布平台、大数据开放平台、阿里云 Maxcompute及相关数据挖掘支持为基础,描述城市交通现状、呈现演变规律、预测未来发展趋势,并专注拥堵成因及解决对策的硏究。本年报由高德地图联合“中国社会科学院社会学研究所”、“未来交通与城市计算联合实验室”、“阿里云”、“重庆交通大学蔡晓禹教授团队”、“山地城市交通系统与安全重庆市重点实验室”、“华南理工大学林永杰团队”共同联合发布。高德地图愿开放数据与政府、企业、院校等研究机构合作,共建交通共同体。联合发布品贴A未来交通与城市计算联含实验室JOINT LABORATORYc】阿里云FOR FUTURE TRANSPORT AN URDAN COMPUTINI年度高德地圖编制说明中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description调研城市:361城+全国高速城市范围:选取城市的中心城区作为城市道路网评价范围,各城市中心城区范围是根据政府公开数据、交通岀行大数据、高德地图开放平台定位数据、交通出行大数据综合挖掘研判划定样本说明:交通评价中,公共交通车流独立区分计算数据呈现:采用“九宫格”指标综合评价和表征城市交通运行健康状况,其中“路网高峰行程延时指数”、“路网高峰拥堵路段里程比”、“骨干道路运行速度偏差率”、“路网高延时运行时间占比”四项指标已兼容公安部、中央文明办、住房和城乡建设部、交通运输部四部委、办联合印发《城市道路交通文明畅通提升行动计划(2017-2020)》的第三方评估标准。时间说明:全天06:0-22:00早高峰07:00-09:00晚高峰17:00-19:00常规说明无特殊说明,本报告统计时间均为2018年1月1日~2018年12月31日分析范围:50城选取361+城市和全国高速50个城市高德地圖编制说明年度中国主要城市交通分析报告Report description指标扩维:路网行程延时指数->九宫格矩阵->健康诊断全国二大堵点治理方案备网高延通勤拥堵时间(时运行时)(压力经济损失九宫格路网高峰常发拥缓行路矩阵空间(拥堵路段】(堵路段】段里程交通健康指数里程比里程比广州沿江西路效率路网高峰平均(珠江北岸-沿江西路)行程延时速度更新说明指数出行扩维:增加公共交通重庆鸿恩路群众艺术馆一鸿恩寺立交私家车公共交通目录Catalog01主要城市交通运行现状交通健康指数立体诊断城市交通畅通文明工程指标研究公共交通运行分析02年度城市出行标签年度出行盘点城市边界及核心区发展03城市交通病解决方案未来交通与城市计算联合实验室年度成果展堵点治理方案年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告01中国主要城市交通运行现状年度高德地圖中国主要城市交通分析报告“交通健康指数”立体诊断城市交通“交通健康指数”计算说明高德地amap. Cam随着城市交通复杂性增加和智能交通的飞速发展,单一指标的评价和诊断已不能满足我国交通运行的多样化。高德首创城市交通病诊断的综合性评价“交通健康指数”来全面刻画城市交通运行状况,该指数从时间、空间、效率的九项交通运行指标的综合评价,实现城市全方位立体化智慧运行诊断。该指数算法沿用国际通用的信息熵法客观确定评价指标权重(该方法在政府权威部门、社会经济、学术领域的各类报告中得到广泛普遍应用);同时,采用 TOPSIS正负理想解的计算进行排名,最终评分结果代表各城市九宫格指标与理想值之间的接近程度。“交通健康指数”越髙说眀离理想值越近,城市运行相对越健康;指数越低则说明多项指标距离理想值越远,相对越不健康。九项指标信息熵权重分配■权重确定方法—熵值法排名得分方法—TOPS|s1)各项指标运用最大最小值归一化处理,并考1)对于反向指标采用取倒数进行同向处理,然后进行数据规范化效率一骨干时间一路网虑指标的正反向进行调整2道路运行速高延时运行度偏差率,时间占比2)计算第项指标下第个样本值占该指标的比重刻率一高峰平为11.6%114%/时间-通勤2)利用欧式距离计算与最优最劣目标的距离,并乘以权重压力指数pp9.8%;{z;-x)2,D:(21-2)2效率一路网高时间一日拥3〕计算第j项指标的熵值行程延时捐数,10.7%堵经济损失e=-k∑p;lm(P;),=1,…,m3)计算各评价对象与最优方案的贴近程度空间一高峰12.6%缓行路段里空间一路网D:+D程比,98%高峰拥堵路4)计算信息熵冗余度空间一常发段里程比值越接近1,表示评价对象越优秀。在城市健康指薮中,所得结果即代表着该城市健康拥堵路段里10.3%d1=1程比5)计算各项指标权重水平与最优目标的接近百分比。15.2%d∑d最终计算各指标权重如左图所示。2018年度中国“交通健康城市”分布热力图高德地amap. Cam2018年度中国主要城市“交通健康指数”分布热力图地域分布来看■从数据分布来看,一线及省会等大型城市的“交通健康指数”相对普遍较低;其指数与城市均值线差距较远,处于亚健康状态全国50个主要城市中,长三角地区除上海外大部分城市“交通健康指数”相对较高,处于相对健康状态,珠三角的大部分城市指数较高,相对处于亚健康
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MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践Kalman
MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践KalmanKALMAN FILTERINGTheory and Practice Using MATLABThird editionMOHINDER S GREWALCalifornia State University at FullertonANGUS P. ANDREWSRockwell Science Center (retired)WILEYA JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATIONCopyright 2008 by John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, InC, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc, lll River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionimit of liability Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability orfitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situationYou should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liablefor any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidentalconsequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at(800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax(317)572-4002Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic format. For more information about wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wiley.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication DataGrewal. Mohinder sKalman filtering: theory and practice using MATLAB/Mohinder S. GrewalAngus p. andrews. 3rd edIncludes bibliographical references and indexISBN978-0-470-17366-4( cloth)1. Kalman filtering. 2. MATLAB. I. Andrews, Angus P. II. TitleQA402.3.G69520086298312—dc22200803733Printed in the United States of america10987654321CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgmentsXIIIList of abbreviationsXV1 General Information1.1 On Kalman Filtering1.2 On Optimal Estimation Methods, 51. 3 On the notation Used In This book 231. 4 Summary, 25Problems. 262 Linear Dvnamic Systems2. 1 Chapter focus, 312.2 Dynamic System Models, 362. 3 Continuous Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 402.4 Discrete Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 532.5 Observability of Linear Dynamic System Models, 552.6 Summary, 61Problems. 643 Random Processes and Stochastic Systems3.1 Chapter Focus, 673.2 Probability and random Variables (rvs), 703.3 Statistical Properties of RVS, 78CONTEN3.4 Statistical Properties of Random Processes(RPs),803.5 Linear rp models. 883.6 Shaping Filters and State Augmentation, 953.7 Mean and Covariance propagation, 993.8 Relationships between Model Parameters, 1053.9 Orthogonality principle 1143.10 Summary, 118Problems. 1214 Linear Optimal Filters and Predictors1314.1 Chapter Focus, 1314.2 Kalman Filter. 1334.3 Kalman-Bucy filter, 1444.4 Optimal Linear Predictors, 1464.5 Correlated noise Sources 1474.6 Relationships between Kalman-Bucy and wiener Filters, 1484.7 Quadratic Loss Functions, 1494.8 Matrix Riccati Differential Equation. 1514.9 Matrix Riccati Equation In Discrete Time, 1654.10 Model equations for Transformed State Variables, 1704.11 Application of Kalman Filters, 1724.12 Summary, 177Problems. 1795 Optimal Smoothers5.1 Chapter Focus, 1835.2 Fixed-Interval Smoothing, 1895.3 Fixed-Lag Smoothing, 2005.4 Fixed-Point Smoothing, 2135.5 Summary, 220Problems. 226 Implementation Methods2256. 1 Chapter Focus, 2256.2 Computer Roundoff, 2276.3 Effects of roundoff errors on Kalman filters 2326.4 Factorization Methods for Square-Root Filtering, 2386. 5 Square-Root and UD Filters, 2616.6 Other Implementation Methods, 2756.7 Summary, 288Problems. 2897 Nonlinear Filtering2937.1 Chapter Focus, 2937.2 Quasilinear Filtering, 296CONTENTS7.3 Sampling Methods for Nonlinear Filtering, 3307.4 Summary, 345Problems. 3508 Practical Considerations3558.1 Chapter Focus. 3558.2 Detecting and Correcting Anomalous behavior, 3568.3 Prefiltering and Data Rejection Methods, 3798.4 Stability of Kalman Filters, 3828. 5 Suboptimal and reduced- Order Filters, 3838.6 Schmidt-Kalman Filtering, 3938.7 Memory, Throughput, and wordlength Requirements, 4038.8 Ways to Reduce Computational requirements 4098.9 Error Budgets and Sensitivity Analysis, 4148.10 Optimizing Measurement Selection Policies, 4198.11 Innovations analysis, 4248.12 Summary, 425Problems. 4269 Applications to Navigation4279.1 Chapter focus, 4279.2 Host vehicle dynamics, 4319.3 Inertial Navigation Systems(INS), 4359. 4 Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS), 4659.5 Kalman Filters for GNSS. 4709.6 Loosely Coupled GNSS/INS Integration, 4889.7 Tightly Coupled GNSS /INS Integration, 4919. 8 Summary, 507Problems. 508Appendix A MATLAB Software511A 1 Notice. 511A 2 General System Requirements, 511A 3 CD Directory Structure, 512A 4 MATLAB Software for Chapter 2, 512A. 5 MATLAB Software for Chapter 3, 512A6 MATLAB Software for Chapter 4, 512A. 7 MATLAB Software for Chapter 5, 513A 8 MATLAB Software for Chapter 6, 513A 9 MATLAB Software for Chapter 7, 514A10 MATLAB Software for Chapter 8, 515A 11 MATLAB Software for Chapter 9, 515A 12 Other Sources of software 516CONTENAppendix b A Matrix Refresher519B. 1 Matrix Forms. 519B 2 Matrix Operations, 523B 3 Block matrix Formulas. 527B 4 Functions of Square Matrices, 531B 5 Norms. 538B6 Cholesky decomposition, 541B7 Orthogonal Decompositions of Matrices, 543B 8 Quadratic Forms, 545B 9 Derivatives of matrices. 546Bibliography549Index565PREFACEThis book is designed to provide familiarity with both the theoretical and practicalaspects of Kalman filtering by including real-world problems in practice as illustrativeexamples. The material includes the essential technical background for Kalman filter-ing and the more practical aspects of implementation: how to represent the problem ina mathematical model, analyze the performance of the estimator as a function ofsystem design parameters, implement the mechanization equations in numericallystable algorithms, assess its computational requirements, test the validity of resultsitor the filteThetant attributes ofthe subject that are often overlooked in theoretical treatments but are necessary forapplication of the theory to real-world problemsIn this third edition, we have included important developments in the implemen-tation and application of Kalman filtering over the past several years, including adaptations for nonlinear filtering, more robust smoothing methods, and develelopingapplications in navigationWe have also incorporated many helpful corrections and suggefrom ourreaders, reviewers, colleagues, and students over the past several years for theoverall improvement of the textbookAll software has been provided in MatLab so that users can take advantage ofits excellent graphing capabilities and a programming interface that is very close tothe mathematical equations used for defining Kalman filtering and its applicationsSee Appendix a for more information on MATLAB softwareThe inclusion of the software is practically a matter of necessity because Kalmanfiltering would not be very useful without computers to implement it. It provides aMATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, IncEFACEbetter learning experience for the student to discover how the Kalman filter works byobserving it in actionThe implementation of Kalman filtering on computers also illuminates some of thepractical considerations of finite-wordlength arithmetic and the need for alternativealgorithms to preserve the accuracy of the results. If the student wishes to applywhat she or he learns, then it is essential that she or he experience its workingsand failings--and learn to recognize the differenceThe book is organized as a text for an introductory course in stochastic processes atthe senior level and as a first-year graduate-level course in Kalman filtering theory andapplicationIt can also be used for self-instruction or for purposes of review by practi-cing engineers and scientists who are not intimately familiar with the subject. Theorganization of the material is illustrated by the following chapter-level dependencygraph, which shows how the subject of each chapter depends upon material in otherchapters. The arrows in the figure indicate the recommended order of study. Boxesabove another box and connected by arrows indicate that the material represented bythe upper boxes is background material for the subject in the lower boxAPPENDIX B: A MATRIX REFRESHERGENERAL INFORMATION2. LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMSRANDOM PROCESSES AND STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS4. OPTIMAL LINEAR FILTERS AND PREDICTORS5. OPTIMAL SMOOTHERS6. IMPLEMENTATIONMETHODS7. NONLINEAR8. PRACTICAL9. APPLICATIONSFILTERINGCONSIDERATIONSTO NAVIGATIONAPPENDIX A: MATLAB SOFTWAREChapter l provides an informal introduction to the general subject matter by wayof its history of development and application. Chapters 2 and 3 and Appendix b coverthe essential background material on linear systems, probability, stochastic processesand modeling. These chapters could be covered in a senior-level course in electricalcomputer, and systems engineeringChapter 4 covers linear optimal filters and predictors, with detailed examples ofapplications. Chapter 5 is a new tutorial-level treatment of optimal smoothing
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