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梁友栋-barsky算法

于 2020-12-01 发布
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代码说明:

用梁友栋-barsky算法或者中点分割法等其它算法(除cohen-sutherland直线裁剪算法外)实现直线段相对于给定窗口的裁剪。采用C/C++ 、OpenGL编写程序(参考所提供的程序代码clip.cpp及第一次实验提供的建立Project的过程说明)。

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    wifi 802.11n 协议标准Contents2. Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 13. Definitions ...........................................................................................................EEE Std802.11n"-2009(Amendment to ieEE Std 802.11-2007as amended by ieee std 802. 11k-2008EEE Std80211r-2008, EE Std802.11y-2008,and IEEE Std 802. 11w-2009)EEE Standard forInformation technology-Telecommunications and informationexchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirementsPart 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY SpecificationsAmendment 5: Enhancements for HigherThroughputSponsorLANIMAN Standards committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyApproved 11 September 2009IEEE-SA Standards boardAbstract: This amendment defines modifications to both the IEEE 802 1 1 physical layer(PHY)andthe IEEE 802 11 medium access control (MAC) sublayer so that modes of operation can be enabledthat are capable of much higher throughputs, with a maximum throughput of at least 100 Mb/s, asmeasured at the Mac data service access point (SAP)Keywords: high throughput, MAC, medium access control, MIMO, MIMO-OFDM, multiple inputmultiple output, PHY, physical layer, radio, wireless local area network, WLANThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue New york NY 10016-5997 USACopyright@ 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncAll rights reserved. Published 30 October 2009. Printed in the United States of AmericaIEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, IncorporatedPDFSBN978-0-7381-60467STD95961Print:|SBN9780-7381-6047-4STDPD95961No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisherIEEE Standards documents are developed within the ieee Societies and the standards Coordinating Committees ofthe IEee Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The ieee develops its standards through a consensusdevelopment process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteersrepresenting varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of theInstitute and serve without compensation. While the ieee administers the process and establishes rules to promotefairness in the consensus development process, the ieee does not independently evalof any of the information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standar uate, test, or verify the accuracyUse of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The ieee disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or otherdamage, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectlyresulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other iEFF Standard documentThe ieee does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expresslydisclaims any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specificpurpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards docunentsare supplied‘ASIS.The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchasemarket, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the ieee Standard. Furthermore, the vintexpressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in thetate of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every ieee standard is subjected to review at leastevery five years for revision or reaffirmation, or every ten years for stabilization. When a document is more than fiverears old and has not been reaffirmed, or more than ten years old and has not been stabilized, it is reasonable toconclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users arecautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE StandardIn publishing and making this document available, the IEee is not suggesting or rendering professional or othcrservices for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any otherperson or entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon his orher independent judgment in the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in deternining the appropriateness of a given IEEE standardInterpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate tospecific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiateaction to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEFF Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, itimportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason,IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instantresponse to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal considerationA statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with the IEEE-SA Standards Board Operations Manualshall not be considered the official position of ieee or any of its committees and shall not be considered to be, nor berelied upon as, a formal interprctation of the IEEE. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, anindividual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered thepersonal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IeEeComments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliationwith IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together withappropriate supporting comments. Recommendations to change the status of a stabilized standard should include atonale as to why a revision or withdrawal is required. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations shouldbe submitted to the following addressSecretary, IEEE-SA Standards board445 Hoes lanePiscataway, NJ 08854USAAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by The Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance CenterTo arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1978750 8400 PerImission lo photocopy portions of any individual standard foreducational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance CenterIntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEee Std 802. 11n-2009, IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan networks--Specifirequirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) SpecificationsAmendment 5: Enhancements for Higher ThroughputThis amendment specifies enhancements to IEEE 802. 11 physical layer(PHY)and medium access control(MAC) sublayer to provide modes of operation with useful data rates substantially higher than thosepreviously available. Significantly higher IEEE 802. 11 wireless local area network(WLAN) throughput isexpected to improve user experiences for current applications and to enable new applications and marketsegmentsNotice to usersLaws and requlationsUsers of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with theprovisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirementsImplementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatoryrequirements. iEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not incompliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so on that is not inCopyrightsThis document is copyrighted by the Ieee. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and privateuses.These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulationstandardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this documentavailable for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the ieee does not waive any rights incopyright to this documentUpdating of IEEE documentsUsers of ieFF standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by theissuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments,corrigenda, or errata. An official ieee document at any point in time consists of the current edition of thedocument together with any amendments corrigenda or errata then in effect In order to determine whethera given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance ofamendmentscorrigendaorcrrata,visittheIeeEStandardsAssociationwebsiteathttp://ieeexplore. ieee. org/xpl/standards. jsp or contact the iEee at the address listed previously.For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the Ieee standards development process,visittheIeeE-sawebsiteathttp://standards.ieeeorgErrataErrata,ifanyforthisandallotherstandardscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http://standards. ieee. org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index. html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forta periodicallyInterpretationsCurrentinterpretationscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http://standards.ieeeorg/reading/ieee/interp/index htmlCopyright C 2009 IEEE. All rights reservedPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this amendment may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. a patent holder or patent applicant hasfiled a statement of assurance that it will grant licenses under these rights without compensation or underreasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfairdiscrimination to applicants desiring to obtain such licenses. Other Essential Patent Claims may exist forwhich a statement of assurance has not been received. The Ieee is not responsible for identifying EssentialPatent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scopeof Patents Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or nondiscriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patentrights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further informationmay be obtained from the ieee Standards associationParticipantsWhen this amendment was sent to sponsor ballot, the IEEe 802. 11 Working Group had the followingofficersBruce P. Kraemer, ChairJon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Chair; Treasurer; and Chair, Task Group mbAdrian P. Stephens Vice chairStephen McCann, Secretary and Chair, Publicity standing Committee and Task group uTerry L. Cole, Technical Editor and Assigned Number AuthorityTeik-Kheong Tan, Chair, Wireless Next Generation Standing CommitteeDavid Bagby, Chair, Architecture Standing CommitteeBruce p. kraemer Co-Chair IMT-Advanced ad hoc commiteeLee armstrong, Chair, Task Group pDonald E Eastlake Ill, Chair;, Task Group sNeeraj Sharna, Chair, Task group lDorothy V. Stanley, Chair, Task Group v and IETF Ad hoc CommitteeJesse Walker, Chair. cTl Ad hoc committeePeter Ecclesine, Chair, Task group yMenzo Wentink, Chair, Task group zGancsh Venkatesan, Chair, Task Group aaEldad Perahia, Chair, Very High Throughput Study groupDarwin Enger, Co-Chair. IMT-Advanced ad hoc committeeWhen this amendment was sent to sponsor ballot, Task Group n had the following officersBruce P Kraemer. chairSILi. vice chairGarth Hillman and Jon Walter Rosdahl, SecretaryAdrian P. Stephens, Technical editorWhen this amendment was sent to sponsor ballot, the IEeE 802. 1l Working Group had the followingmembershiOsama S. aboulmagdMalik audchAmit bansalTomoko adachiCcrt A, awatoJohn. barrAlok aggarwalDavid bagbGal bassonCarlAldanaMichael bahrussa BavafaThomas AlexanderFan baiTuncer BaykasLee r. ArmstrongGabor BaikoJohn L. BenkoAlex ashleyDennis j. bakerMathilde benvenisteCopyright C 2009 IEEE. All rights reservedBiorn A. berkeRobert Y huangChiu ngoDaniel borgesDavid hunterEero nikulaAnthony braskichYasuhiko inoueRichardH. noensJoseph brennanAkio isoHideaki odagiriDavid britzJunghoon JeeJisung OhG. BumillerHongseok JeonChandra s. olsonNancy Cam-WingetYeonkwon JeongYouko omorNecati CanpolatJorjeta G JetchevaSatoshi oyamaJavier cardonaLusheng jiRichard H. PaineDouglas s ChanDaniel JiangAuld. palaniveluClint F. ChaplinPadam AflChangmin ParkCarl W. KainJungsoo parkMinho CheongNaveen K KakanMinyoung ParkMasato katoⅤ ijaykumar PatelNakjungDouglas KanBcminih. peirisLiwen chuRichard H. KennedyEldad perahiaTerry L. ColeJohn KenneJames e. petranovichRyon K. ColemanStuart 3. KerryAl PetrickCharles IJoonsuk kinFahd pirzadaTodor CooklevKyeongpyo KimJames d. portaroXavier p CostaSeong S. kimHenry s. PtasinskiDavid E CypherYongsan KimRene purnadiMarc de courvilleJarkko kneckChang w. PyoRolf J de vegtMark m. kobayashiEmily H QiTheodorus denteneerFumihide KojimaLuke QianJeremy de vriesTom KolzeHuyu QuSusan DickeyBruccp KJim e raabZhiming DingJohannes P KruysⅤ nuth raiYoshiharu doThomas KuehnelAli RaissiniaJohn dorseyThomas m. KuriharaHarish ramamurthyRoger P durandStephen G raymentSrinivasa duvvuriEdwin kwonLeonid razoumovDonald e. eastlakeZhou lanIvan reePeter Ecclesiaejeremy A landtEdward reussMichael ellisJoseph P. lauerAlex reznikStephen P. EmeottTae H. LeeRandal roebuckMarc emmelmannWooyoung leeJon walter rosdahlDarwin EngwerJoseph levyRichard royJoseph epsteinSheung liAlexander safonovⅤ inko ercegPaul linKazuyuki sakodaLars p. falkIlang liuHemanth sampathRobert fanfcllMichael livshitzKatsuyoshi SatoStefan fechterPeter LocHirokazu sawadaPaul h. feinberDaniel lubarDon schultzMatthew FischerAnthony f. maidaYongho SeokWayne k. FisherJakub majkowskiHuairong shaoRoberta fracchiAlastair MalarkyNeeraj sharmaRyuhei FundaJouni K. malinenStephen J ShellhammerMatthew gastAlexander maltsevlan SherlockJames p gilbBill marshallKai shiJeffrey gilbertRoman m. maslennikovShusaku shimadaReinhard GlogerSudheer mattaFrancois simonDavid goodallStephen Mc cannHarkirat SinghTugrul guenerJustin p mcnewGraham K. SmithJianlin gven meseckeMatt smithMark hamiltonRobert r. millerYoo-Seung SongC.J. HanseMichael monteKapil seBrian d. hartRajendra T. moortiVinay SridharaAmer A haHitoshi moriokaDorothy stanleⅤ egard hasselPeter MurrayAdrian P. StephensRobert f heileAndrew milesDavid S Stephenson〔 undo r. HertzRohit nabarCarl R. StevensonJunling hiJohn stineWendong huKengo nagataGuenaelt strutCopyright C 2009 IEEE. All rights reservedChin s SumGanesh VenkateHarry R. worstellEiji TakagiDalton t.Ⅴ ictorPengfei xiaMineo takaiGeorge A. vlantisAkira yamadaTcik-Khcong TanCssc r. walkerTakeshi yamamotoAllan thomsonunlWangmoya yamauraJerry thrasherngEric okuboCraig d. WarrenSu K. YongAlexander TolpinFujio WatanabeSeiji YoshioJason trachewskyPatrick WayeChristopher YoungSolomon b. traininMenzo m. wentinkArtur zaksRichard D. Van NeeFrank whettenHongyuan zhangAllert van zelstKyle williamsHuimin zhangMathieuⅤ arlet-AndmJames worshamJing zhiPrabodh varshneyJuan ZunigaContributions to this amendment was received from the following individualsBill ablⅵ inko ErcegPatrick labbeSantosh abrahamMustafa rozJoseph lauerTomoko adachiStefan fechterDongjun leeDmitry akhmetovPaul feinbergLin-Nan leeCarlos aldanaMatthew fischereeDave andrusGuido frederiksSok-kyu LeeMicha anholtTakashi FukagawaZhongding leiTsuguhide AokiPatrick FungJoseph levyYusuke asarEdoardo gallizioScott leyonhjelGeert awaterJames gardnerPen liDavid BaDevis gattSheung LiRaja banerjeaDavid HedbergYuan liKaberi banerieeGarth hillmanKevin liaoAmit bansalJin-Meng hoIsaac limGal bassonDale hocevarAlfred linAnui batraLouise hooAlbert liuJohn benkoMuhammad akramDer-Zheng liuMathilde benvenisteYasuhiko inoueMichael livshitzBjorn BjerkeKaz ishidaYufei BlakenshipTakashi ishidoshiroPeter LojkoDaniel borgesLakshmi lyerHui-Ling LouDouglas chanEric JacobsonAdina matacheJerry ChangYuh-Ren jauhLaurent mazetJohn ChangTaehyun JeonWilliam mcfarlandJeng-Hong ChenJari JokelaDarren mcnamaraStephen ChenVKJonesIrina medvedevYi-Ming ChenPadam AflArnaud meylanPei-ju ChiangNaveen KakaniMorgan mikFrancois chinSriniavs kandalaSeungwook minWoon Hau ChinAteet KapurPatrick mo上 mily chouAssaf KasherAndy molischLiwen chuMasato katoR. Tushar moortiKeith ChuggJohn KetchumMike moretonBrian ClassonJoonsuk KYuichi moriokaSean CoffeyPansop KimMarkus muckGabriella convertinoYoungsoo KimSyed Aon mujtabaMarc de courvilleGuenter KleindlAndrew mylesRolf de vegtKiyotaka KobayashiRohit nabarFranz dielacherCenk Koselhasa NagaiYoshiharu doiBruce p KraemerKengo NagataJohn deThomas KuehnelSeigo NakaodouglasTakushi KunihiroSanjiv nandaPeter ecclesiaeJoe KwakChiu nDarwin EngwerJoseph kwakAjit NimbalkerLeonid epsteinEdwin kwonGunnar NitscheCopyright C 2009 IEEE. All rights reservedHuaning NiuErik SchylanderRichard van neeIvan oakesMichael sealsNico van waesYoshihiro ohtanilual-Rong ShaoAllert van zelstEric OjardSuman sharmaAndres vila casadoTakeshi onizawaSteve shellhammerGeorgeⅵ lantisJob oostveenIan SherlockTimothy WakeleyFabio osnatoMasaaki shidaJesse walkerKafle padamTakashi shonoBrad wallacePratima paiSebastien SimoensMark wallaceArul palaniveluMassimiliano sitiRod waltonSubra parameswaraDoug SmithQi WThomas pareMatt smithXiaowen WangJean-Noel PatillonAmjadDeric WatersWei-Chung PengRobert staceyMark WebsterEldad perahiaAdrian P. StephensMenzo WentinkJim petranovichRichard WeseKrishna madhavan pillaiVictor StolpmanMike WilhoyteMadhavan pillaiSumei sunTimothy WongAngelo PoloniXiantao sunJames WoodyattNeeraj poojaryShravan surineniHenry ptasinskiIlan sutskoverAriton XhafaAleksandar PurkovicEiji Takagio xiaLuke oianMasahiro takasTomoya YamauraAli RaissiniaSeiichiro TakahashiEric YangSthanunathan ramakrishnanDaisuke takedaWen-Chang YehHarish RamamurthyTeik-Kheong TanChristopher YoungSridhar rameshYasuhiro TanakaHeejung YuRaffaele rivaStephan ten brinkArtur ZaksJon walter rosdahlGanesan ThiagarajanEldad zeiraStephanie Rouquette-LeveilEric OkuboHongyuan zhaMike rudeTim TowellJin ZhangJohn sadowskiJason trachewskyNing ZhangAtul salhotraSolomon traininQuan ZhouVincenzo scarpaDavid tungJohnny ZweigDonald schultzStefano valleJim syrenThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this amendment. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstentionOsama aboulmagdBill cannonSouray duttaTomoko adachiJing CaoRichard eckardAlok AggarwalEdward CarlesCarl EklundThomas alexandeJames CarloStephen emeottRichard AlvinJuan CarreonMarc emmelmannEdward ChalfDarwin EngwcButch AntonDouglas s ChanJoseph epsteinDanilo antonelliKuor-Hsin ChangRobert fanfelleClint ChaplinShahin FarahaniDavid BagbyWei-Peng ChenShulan FengGabor BaikoYung-Mu ChenOddgeir FikstvedtMatthew ballHong ChengMatthew fischerRaja banerjeaAik ChindapoPrince francisVered BKeith ChowAvraham FreedmanJohn barrLiwen ChuDevon gaylePhilip beecherRyon ColemanMichael GeipelMathilde benvenisteCharles cookTheodore Georgantasharry bimsTodor CookiePieter -Paul giesbertsBjorn BjerkeHelge CowardJames gilbMonique brownJoseph decuirReinhard glogerRussell dietzMariana goldhamerWilliam byrdThomas dineenScrgiu gomaPctcr. calderonJohn dorseyDavid goodallCopyright C 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved
    2021-05-06下载
    积分:1
  • SIFT算法详解及应用(讲的非常好很详细)
    SIFT算法特点• SIFT特征是图像的局部特征,其对旋转、尺度缩放、亮度变化保持不变性,对视角变化、仿射变换、噪声也保持一定程度的稳定性。• 独特性(Distinctiveness)好,信息量丰富,适用于在海量特征数据库中进行快速、准确的匹配。• 多量性,即使少数的几个物体也可以产生大量SIFT特征向量。• 经过优化的SIFT算法可满足一定的速度需求。• 可扩展性,可以很方便的与其他形式的特征向量进行联合。SIFT简介SIFTScale Invariant Feature Transform传统的特征提取方法成像匹配的核心问题是将同一目标在不同时间、不同分辨率、不同光照、不同位姿情况下所成的像相对应。传统的匹配算法往往是直接提取角点或边缘,对环境的适应能力较差,急需提出一种鲁棒性强、能够适应不同光照、不同位姿等情况下能够有效识别目标的方法。己0]/3/己7彐SIFT简介SIFTScale Invariant Feature TransformSIFT提出的目的和意义分1999年 British columbia大学大卫.劳伊( David g.Lowe)教授总结了现有的基于不变量技术的特征检测方法,并正式提出了一种基于尺度空间的、对图像缩放、旋转甚至仿射变换保持不变性的图像局部特征描述算子一SIFT(尺度不变特征变换),这种算法在2004年被加以完善己0]/3/己7SIFT简介SIFTScale Invariant Feature Transform将一幅图像映射(变换)为一个局部特征向量集;特征向量具有平移、缩放、旋转不变性,同时对光照变化、仿射及投影变换也有一定不变性。己0]/3/己7SIFT简介SIFTScale Invariant Feature TransformSIFT算法特点SIFT特征是图像的局部特征,其对旋转、尺度缩放、亮度变化保持不变性,对视角变化、仿射变换、噪声也保持一定程度的稳定性。独特性( Distinctiveness)好,信息量丰富,适用于在海量特征数据库中进行快速、准确的匹配。多量性,即使少数的几个物体也可以产生大量SIFT特征向量。经过优化的SIFT算法可满足一定的速度需求。可扩展性,可以很方便的与其他形式的特征向量进行联合。己0]/3/己7SIFT简介SIFTScale Invariant Feature TransformSIFT算法可以解决的问题目标的自身状态、场景所处的环境和成像器材的成像特性等因素影响图像配准/目标识别跟踪的性能。而SIFT算法在一定程度上可解决:目标的旋转、缩放、平移(RsT)图像仿射/投影变换(视点 viewpoint)光照影响(111 amination)目标遮挡( occlusion)杂物场景(c1 utter)噪声己0]/3/己7SIFT算法实现细节SIFTScale Invariant Feature TransformSIFT算法实现步骤简述SIFT算法的实质可以归为在不同尺度空间上查找特征点(关键点)的问题。原图像特征点特征点目标的特检测描述征点集特征点匹匹配点矫配正目标图像特征点特征点目标的特检测描述征点集SIFT算法实现物体识别主要有三大工序,1、提取关键点;2、对关键点附加详细的信息(局部特征)也就是所谓的描述器;3、通过两方特征点(附带上特征向量的关键点)的两两比较找出相互匹配的若干对特征点,也就建立了景物间的对应关系。SIFT算法实现细节SIFTScale Invariant Feature TransformSIFT算法实现步骤关键点检测己。关键点描述彐·关键点匹配4·消除错配点己0]/3/己7关键点检测的相关概念SFTiant Feature Transfor1.哪些点是SIFT中要查找的关键点(特征点)?这些点是一些十分突出的点不会因光照条件的改变而消失,比如角点边缘点、暗区域的亮点以及亮区域的暗点,既然两幅图像中有相同的景物,那么使用某种方法分别提取各自的稳定点,这些点之间会有相互对应的匹配点。所谓关键点,就是在不同尺度空间的图像下检测出的具有方向信息的局部极值点。根据归纳,我们可以看出特征点具有的三个特征:尺度方向大小己0]/3/己7
    2020-06-29下载
    积分:1
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