Robust Statistics - 2nd Edition
鲁棒统计，现代统计方法， Robust Statistics第二版，学习现代统计方法R○ BUST STAT|STCSSecond editionPeter j, huberProfessor of Statistics, retiredKlosters SwitzerlandEⅣ ezio m. RonchettiProfessor of StatisticsUniversity of Geneva, SwitzerlandWILEYA JOHn WileY SONS INC. PUBliCAtIONCopyrightc 2009 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, Inc, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except aspermitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the priorwritten permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee tothe Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978)750-8400, fax978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyrigom. requests to the publisher for permission shouldbe addressed to the permissions department John Wiley sons, Inc., 11 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp:/www.wileycom/go/permissionLimit of Liability /Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties ofmerchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by salesrepresentatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitablefor your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher norauthor shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limitedto special, incidental, consequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at(800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax(317)572-4002.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic format. For information about wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wileycomLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Huber Peter JRobust statistics, second edition/ Peter J. Huber, Elvezio ronchettip. cnIncludes bibliographical references and indeISBN978-0-470-12990-6( cloth)1. Robust statistics. I. Ronchetti. elvezio. II. TitleQA276.H7852009519.5-dc222008033283Printed in the United States of america10987654321To the memory o1John w. tukeyThis Page Intentionally Left BlankCONTENTSPrefacePreface to first editionGeneralities1 Why robust Procedures1. 2 What Should a robust procedure achieve?1.2.1 Robust. Nonparametric and Distribution-Free1.2.2 Adaptive procedures1.2.3 Resistant Procedures1.2. 4 Robustness versus Diagnostics1.2.5 Breakdown point1.3 Qualitative Robustness567888911. 4 Quantitative Robustness1.5 Infinitesimal Aspects141.6 Optimal Robustness171.7 Performance Comparisons18CONTENTS1.8 Computation of robust estimates181.9 Limitations to Robustness Theory202 The Weak Topology and its Metrization23eneral remarks232.2 The Weak Topology232.3 Levy and prohorov metrics272.4 The bounded Lipschitz metric322.5 Frechet and Gateaux derivatives366 Hampels Theorem413 The Basic Types of Estimates453. 1 General Remarks453.2 Maximum Likelihood Type Estimates(M-Estimates)3.2.1 Influence Function of m-estimates73.2.2 Asymptotic Properties of M-Estimates483.2.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Robustness of MEstimates3.3 Linear Combinations of Order Statistics(L-Estimates)3.3.1 Influence Function of -Estimates3.3.2 Quantitative and Qualitative robustness of l-Estimates 593. 4 Estimates Derived from Rank Tests(R-estimates3.4.1 Influence Function of R-Estimates623.4.2 Quantitative and Qualitative robustness of R-Estimates 643.5 Asymptotically Efficient M-, L,and R-Estimates674 Asymptotic Minimax Theory for Estimating Location4.1 General remarks4.2 Minimax bias4.3 Minimax Variance: Preliminaries744. 4 Distributions minimizing fisher Information764.5 Determination of Fo by Variational Methods814.6 Asymptotically Minimax M-Estimates914.7 On the minimax Property for L-and R-estimates954.8 Redescending m-estimates74.9 Questions of Asymmetric Contamination101CONTENTSScale Estimates1055.1 General remarks1055.2 M-Estimates of scale1075.3 L-Estimates of scale5.4 R-Estimates of Scale1125.5 Asymptotically efficient Scale estimates1145.6 Distributions Minimizing fisher Information for Scale5.7 Minimax Properties116 Multiparameter Problemsin Particular Joint Estimationof Location and scale1256. 1 General remarks1256.2 Consistency of M-Estimates1266.3 Asymptotic Normality of M-Estimates1306. 4 Simultaneous m-Estimates of Location and scale1336.5 M-Estimates with Preliminary Estimates of Scale1376.6 Quantitative robustness of Joint Estimates of Location and Scale 1396.7 The Computation of M-Estimates of Scale14368Studentizing1457 Regression1497. 1 General remarks1497. 2 The Classical Linear Least Squares Case1547. 2.1 Residuals and Outliers1587.3 Robustizing the Least Squares Approach1607.4 Asymptotics of robust regression Estimates163741 The Cases hp2→0 and hp→07.5 Conjectures and Empirical Results1687.5.1 Symmetric Error Distributions1687.5.2 The Question of Bias1687.6 Asymptotic Covariances and Their estimation1707. 7 Concomitant Scale estimates1727.8 Computation of Regression M-Estimates1757.8.1 The Scale Step1767.8.2 The Location Step with Modified residuals1787.8.3 The Location Step with Modified Weights179CONTENTS7.9 The Fixed Carrier Case: What Size hi?1867. 10 Analysis of Variance1907. 11 LI-estimates and Median polish1937. 12 Other Approaches to Robust Regression1958 Robust Covariance and Correlation Matrices1998. 1 General remarks8.2 Estimation of Matrix Elements Through robust Variances2038.3 Estimation of Matrix Elements Through robust Correlation2048.4 An Affinely equivariant approach2108.5 Estimates Determined by Implicit Equations2128.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions2148.6. 1 The Scatter estimate v2148.6.2 The Location estimate t2198.6.3 Joint Estimation of t and y2208.7 Influence Functions and Qualitative robustness2208.8 Consistency and asymptotic normality2238.9 Breakdown Point48.10 Least informative distributions2258.1058. 10.2 Covariance2278.11 Some Notes on Computation2339 Robustness of Design2399.1 General remarks2399.2 Minimax Global Fit9.3 Minimax Slope24610 Exact Finite Sample Results24910.1 General Remarks24910.2 Lower and Upper Probabilities and Capacities25010.2.1 2-Monotone and 2-Alternating Capacities25510.2.2 Monotone and Alternating Capacities of Infinite Order 25810.3 Robust Tests25910.3. 1 Particular Cases26510.4 Sequential Tests267
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光场相机 Lytro Illum 使用说明书
Lytro公司光场相机二代 Lytro Illum 使用说明书设置白平衡46参数栏66手动设置白平衡47菜单栏66连拍深度标尺66使用自拍定时50为重新对焦处理图像数据67使用网格参考线50为图像重新对焦68使用曝光柱状图52调整图像的光圈69设置光学偏移53调整图像视角70调整设置菜单53使用网格视图开始重新排列菜单54使用曝光柱状图信息72重新排列菜单删除图像72使用关灯功能555删除网格视图中的一张或多张图像72使用手动对焦打开设置菜单7使用包围对焦56深度创作功能7使用包围曝光58重新对焦范围使用焦点锁定60深度标尺77使用变焦锁定60光场超焦距对焦位置78使用超焦距对焦6Q光学偏移79使用闪光灯61调整光学偏移82使用水平线62深度柱状图和深度覆盖图83调校水平线63图像回看模式64包围对焦85图像回看模式中的菜单栏和参数栏65设置菜单86距离测量90格式化SD卡86关于90亮度86更新相机软件90声音86将配对数据传输到SD卡90曝光模拟86帮助91剪裁警告87重置91即时预览87图标术语表92文件格式870S连接87学习资源96长曝光NR(长曝光降噪)87规格参数表97控件8半按快门88女全警告101曝光轮88法律信息102曝光轮功能分配88镜头环89重新排列菜单89重映射按钮89AEL(自动曝光锁定)89常规89日期和时间时区90语言90YTROLL∪M欢迎使用 Lytro ILLUmLytro ILLUM是一款重新定义摄影方式的光场相机。它的创新软件系统捕捉光场中的每一束光线,为摄影者提供一科独特的全新摄影体验。不同于传统相杋,光场相机的独一无二的交互性让光场的每一个细节尽在摄影者的掌握当中。光场技术的优势不同于传统相机, Lytro Illum捕捉并记录包含光线方向的“光场”。在 Lytro ILlum推出之前,光场相机都只停留在技术实验阶段。实验人员使用一支连接到超级计算机的长焦镜头进行技术验证。 Lytro的硏发人员将这项科技优化成熟,将其发挥到极致,只为呈现在您的于中。捕捉这些光线的基本数据给予摄影者前所未有的对焦、改变视角和3预览的功能。并且这些高级功能在每张照片中都可以使用。使用 Lytro Illum,摄影师可以获得全新的摄影体验和大胆创新的机会,不管您捕捉是为了精彩瞬间还是用于商业用途, Lytro Illum都能给予您最大的可能。学习使用 Lytro ILlUM这本使用说明书是 Ly tro Illum的技术指南。在接下来的几章中您将了解到 Lytro Illum的操作方法、不同的模式、设置和按钮。要发挥 Lytro Illum的最大潜能,我们推荐您查看附加教程以便更好地使用 Lytro Illum捕捉和创作III HD k要查看视频教程,请前往training.Lytro.comytro为您精心准备了一系列教学资料,包括培训资料、视频教程、在线帮助和为培训图库。前往training.Lytro.com在以下分类中获取更多内容新用户培训和新机设置( Orientation& Setup)光场101( Light Field101)光场和景深( Light field in the Field)工作流程( Workflow)这些教程包括 Lytro ILlUm的工作原理和软件系统,电脑软件,和发布到网络和移动设备(比如手机、平板电脑)的方式快速参考指南相机外部各部分3271.热靴2.电源按钮3.肩带挂孔44. Lytro按钮85.快门键6.前部拨轮57.对焦环9变焦环9.电池仓610.三脚架接口11.微型USB3.0接口1012.HDMI囗和SD卡仓保护壳13.肩带挂孔4.触摸屏15.自动对焦按钮16.后部拨轮17.曝光锁定按钮141516(AEL按钮)18.自定义按钮(Fn按钮)19.超焦距对焦按钮11201721.自定义按钮(Fn按钮)22.超焦距对焦按钮12131819包装清单Lytro Illum相机Lytro IlLum快速指南Lytro ILLUM快速充电器Lytro ILLUm充电锂电池Lytro IlLum镜头盖· Lytro ILLUm镜头遮光罩肩(脖)带肩带挂孔环(2)中性密度滤镜(ND8)-72毫米微型USB3.0连接线镜头布参数需求Lytro Illum需要使用SD卡(需另购)。推荐使用高速 Class10SD卡(读写速度95MB/秒)最低要求:Mac0S8X10.9或更高(最低:4 GB RAM, Intel corem2Duo或更新)或64-bit WindOWs 7 5X 64-bit Windows 8(min: 4GB RAM, DirectXR 10.0 and dual-processor CPU推荐配置:Mac0SX10.9或更高(8 GB RAM, Intel i5或更高)或64-bit Windows 7 or 64-bit Windows 8(8GB RAM, Intel i5 or equivalent or better)显卡Intel hd4600或更高AMD Radeon m hi6750或更高NVIDIAR GCFOrCeOR GTS450或更高拍摄模式下的触摸屏显示31.取景界面2.深度标尺3.菜单栏4.参数栏CMP39AWBC32cM2S200s150z0.0Om101105634
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