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MIMO技术原理及应用

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PPT内容 pdf 现代通信先进技术MIMO技术原理及应用。MMO系统模型(1)MIMO系统模型(2)■M根发送天线发射的倌号矢量为■N根接收天线上引入的噪声矢量为N根接收天线HM根发送天线(n的每一个分量都是独立同发布的复高斯随机过程)■接攻信号可以表示为r= hs+n〔其中图MIM0系统框图MIMo系统模型(3)MIMO信道模型(1)■独立同分布的复高斯信道为n,表示第j根发送天线到第根接收天线幼冲击响应函数;且都是独立司分布的复机变量,实部和虚部都是高斯随机变量h注:这样的独立高斯信道,一般用于描述较强的散射环境,可以认为是比较理想的信道MIMO信道模型(2)MIMO信道模型(3)■带有相关性的信道模型主散射休>天线之间的间距入射波的到达角入射波的角度扩展接收端多輸入多输出系天线结构示意图MIMO信道模型(4)MIMo信道模型(5)■ nokia空间相关MMo信道模型■每一条路径接收角(A0A)和发送角(AOD)定研究的MHMo信道模型假定在远场区有很少的空间义为关于天线阵列和主要反射体位置的量。独立的主反射体,一个主反射体有一条主要路径■由于本地散射,每一条路径P都会有角度扩展a9),这条路径含有大量的引入波,这些波是由接收机使信号延时几乎相同的时间,但会随AOA的变化:和发射机附近的当地散射体的结构引起的g)=∑)∑yMIMo信道模型(6)MIMo信道模型(7)表示有L个本地散射体。同理定义发送端有当地散射的角度扩展(φ)假设接收天线在发送天线的远区场内。因此式中可假定接收天线接收的是平面波。通过天线阵列,平面波的传播在不同的天线环境下产生时延^。不同天线的波前到达的很小的时间延式中d“是两个邻近的天线的距离,几是通信系統的载迟导致接收天线的相移Φ波波长MIM信道模型(8)MIMO信道模型(9)≯阵列的传播向量包括关于第一个天线的这些■同样,在发送端相移。对于具有相同天线间隔d的线性阵列,向量a。可表示为Oo,uit. d sin o.接收端的相关矩阵为MIMo信道模型(10)MIMo信道模型(11)■发送端的天线之间的相关矩阵Noka空间相关MMO信道的仿真用生成单天线快衰落的方法,生成互相独立的列向量R1=∑ana3)用上述方法分別计算接收天线和发送天线的相关矩阵Rx、RR计算接收天线和发送天线的相关矩阵的Kronecker积,得到总的相关矩阵RNuMIMo信道模型(12)MIM◎信道 Shannon容量(1)Nokia空间相关MMO信道的仿真(续■基于前面所述的信道模型,根据信息论的结论,此将总的相关矩阵进行 Cholesky分解,得到矩阵MIMO系统能达到的系统 Shannon容量为Nx MNC=log;deo+fH”)bsH计算列向量hx=[h,h2,…,hw丁和矩阵其中du)表示取方阵的行列式,是NxN单位矩阵,p为每根CMww的乘积,得到列向量hMN接收天线的信噪比,∥表示信道矩阵的共轭转置■由于信道矩阵H是随机的,上式的容量也是一个随机变量将列向量h进行分段,得到矩阵hM,即为空间相关的MMO信道MIMo信道 Shannon容量(2)MIM信道 Shannon容量(3)■在理想情况下,即MMO信道可以等效为最大数目的独C=log, I/eI立、等增益、并行的子信道时,得到最大的 Shannon容量(为保证系统性能比较是在相同条件下,将发射功率Roll Lahs Tewchaui n AR s, UTs归一化;每根发送天线的发射功率与1/M成比例)当信道列矢量互相正交时可以达到的容量aCaloyM log,(C=Logo/.5以看出,对于采用多天线发送和接收技术的系统,理想情况下的信道容量将随着发射天线的数目成线性増长这就为MIMO的高速数据速率传输奠定了理论基础。MIM信道 Shannon容量(4)MIM信道 Shannon容量(5)■当接收天线和发送天线数目都为8根,且平均H吧M=信噪比为20旧B时,链路容量可以高达42b/s/HzDm5■在大信噪比下,仅仅在链路的一端采用多天线,比两端都采用多天线所取得的容量要小。例如,N=M=2在大信噪比下的容量比N=4,M=1的容量要大图二不同天线数目下, Shann。n容量与SNR曲线MIMo系统的实现接收分集(1)■接收分集■采用一个发送天线,多个接收天线的分集方式,■发送分集能够抗衰落和抗噪声■分层空时结构r=hs+n■空时编码■空时扩频其中■正交发送分集r=r2…y■空时发送分集Th, h,,hy j接收分集(2)接收分集(3)■最大比合并算法(MRc■容量为s=[h,,,+h1…hn=(h2+h2+,+h(+h1nhC-log(+p∑■分集增益为h2+1hP+,+h16发送分集(1)发送分集(2)■采用多个发送天线,一个接收天线的分集方式,能够抗衰落■如果和接收分集保持相同的总的发送功率,则每个发送天线的发送功率为发送分集的1MC=log(1-(p/M∑h■分集增益为(内2+h2F÷.+h)/M发送分集(3)发送分集(5)■上面的发送分集方案是在发送端不知道信道信息的情况下得到的性能,如果发送端准确地知道信道的信息,可以获得与接收分集相同的性S能,下面以2个天线的情况为例加以说明。√h22+|h22■对发送的信息进行预处理,令h2发送分集(6)发送分集(7)■则■系统增益为r= hs+nh2+1h2+.+h2h *s,+h,.s+n■容量为hIh,.s+nN4P+1212°h1P+1h2PC=log(+*∑2)2+|h2*s+n分层空时结构(1)分层空时结构(2)■为了充分利用MMO的信道容量,G. OSchin提出■将信源数据分为多个数据子流,分别经过多个信道编了分层空时结构( BLAST: Bel-laboratories码器编码,或不经过信道编码,直接送入调制映射器Layered Space-Time进行信号映射。输出的多路调制信号进行空间域和时间域的信号构造(对角结构、垂直结构等)后,再由■ BLAST的优点是真正意义上实现了高数据通信多个发射天线发射出去.经无线信道传播后,由多个因为它在多条并行信道里发送的是独立的、没有冗余接收天线接收。在接收机中经空时检测、解调、译码,的信息流,所以它的传输速率将远大于利用传统技术得到判决数据。所得到的传输速率分层空时结构(3)分层空时结构(4)■特点高散射高信噪比T开环系统,因为 BLAST的发射机不需要信道的data ende信息,只需在接收端进行信道预澳Fig 1 V-BLASTHigh-lerei syster dagra:m分层空时结构(5)分层空时结构(6)■发送端将单个用户的数据部变并到多个发送天线上,同时l D-BLAST( Diagonal Bell Laboratories Layered的、并行的发送这些数据,利用多输入和多输出方式在同Space-Time)技术是一种在接收端和发送端均使频率上传输并行信息流。如果信道是多径散射环境足够用多天线矩阵,并运用一种较好的钟层编码的结构,强,在接攻端可以采用 BLAST算法,恢复出原始信号码块在空时结构中分散在对角线在独立的瑞利散射环境中,这种处理技术理论上以使容量与发送天线数目成线而且接近于■ BLAST根据构造方式的不同,可以分为对角结构(D-Shannon容量极限的90%,但是这种算法较复杂BLAST: Diagonal BLAST)和垂直结构( V-BLAST实现较困难Vertical blast)。■ V-BLAST( Vertical BLAST)是一种简化的BLAST检测算法,也就是码块垂直分散在每根天线上在室肉慢表环境中其频谱效率可以达到40bits/Hz。8分层空时结构(7)分层空时结构(8)对角结构的检测也是对角线进行处理的。比如现在需要如图三阶示,设发送天线数检测第1路数据,a3:图中对角线(蓝色)以上部为M=5,5路数括流在5根天线上循环发,比如对于第1分(红色)都是未检测数据,对角线以下部分(绿色)路,第1个数据a在天熊1都是已测数据。对于数据干扰抵消法将巳检测的时间t泼送,第2个数据在b1,c1,d1,e1抵消,再进行检测;对于数据2,用干扰天线2上时间发送,5个时抵消法将已检测的b:;2d抵消,再用干扰置零法将未控间段完成一个循环测的巳2消除,再进行检测,依此类推。分层空时结构(9)分层空时结构(10)■发射机采用循环变动的结构;就避免了某一路数据因为信道条件的不好,而导致连续的误码,从如图四所示,设发射天线数而影响整个接收机的性能.D- BLAST能够达到为M5,5路数据流分別在5根天线上并行发送,第Shannon容量的90%,其运算极其复杂;所以贝路的数据恒在天线1尔实验室又进一步提出了 V-BLAST算法上发送:第二路的数据也恒在天线2上发送;等等依次类推分层空时结构(11)分层空时结构(12)广在检测时间!1的数据时,先计算出信道转移炬阵■ V-BLAST迫零算法的伪逆,取出其中模数最小的行向量,亦即对应于最大信噪比■迫零(ZF)矢量(w:i=1,2…,M)的数椐,假设为C1,用干扰置零法将术检测的a1hd,消除从而进行C1的检测,检测后的C1应在总的接收信号去掉它的影响,并且在信道转移矩阵中去掉相应的列向量,生成新的信7(H);=道矩阵;再计算此信道粳阵的伪逆,依此类推其中(为H的第j列,d为 Kronecker delta函数,迫零炬阵HH(伪逆)分层空时结构(13)分层空时结构(14)≯假设发送信号向量为a=(x1,42…,ax),对应的N维摄■V- BLAST迫零加干扰消除算法向量为由矩阵理论可知,矩阵H的列数越少,迫零失量的模越小所以性能越好y=Wr=(H"H)H"(Ha+v)=a+H"H"*v分层空时结构(15)分层空时结构(16)V- BLAST加干扰消除检测算法是一个循环过程,包括优化排序方法■以下是一个循环递归过程的选取W;=(G,)rGI=H=(HH)H(ZF这样就判决出了一个信号.然后把它的影响从接收信号中减去,并去掉k,= arg min (G;lI信道转移矩阵肀相应的列,得到新的转移矩降,并确定新竹伪迸阵,确定耕的判决顺序注:1k1,k为检测过程的排序2k1为追零矩阵G1中具有最小模值的行向k:= argmin(G21),‖表示H中去掉的量第《列后卓伪逆分层空时结构(17)分层空时结构(18)a的第k个成分检测后的SNR为■最小均方误差(MMSE)算法H*=( I+H"H)H在栓测过程中,不同的推序会产生不同的P1:例如M=3的系统,一般来说,先检测1和先检测2,所褥的■只是迫零矢量变化,不能严格迫零,但是使总的嗓声加干是不一样的。假没的所有成分均采用相同的消除方法:则扰的方差最小。信噪比内最小的成分将决定系純的误码率性能。因此,该系统中我们可以采用一种最小信噪比最大亿的概念。在榍环检测过程中,每一步我们都选择最好的,从这种将最小信嗅比最大化的意义上来说,就可以萩得最优化排序510

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  • NGSIM使用手册(1)
    美国NGSIM系统的使用手册,方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载,完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. 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